Testing Rodolpho Essay Example for Free

Testing Rodolpho EssayCatherine doesnt function drawn in by this and goes spine to testing Rodolpho she steels herself as if she is about to say something important and the audition retire something is passing game to happen. She asks him a question that Rodolpho doesnt answer, but he immediately attacks her about Eddie and whether it was him fashioning her ask the questionCatherine steeling herself Tell me something. I mean further tell me, Rodolpho would you still want to do it if it turned out we had to go live in Italy? I mean effective if it turned out that way. Rodolpho This is your question or his question?The audience can tell that Rodolpho thinks about Eddie differently now to in the beginning the boxing. Before that Eddie was equivalent a potential uncle to him but he has now realised how much Eddie hates him, or hes aw ar of something that he doesnt sympathise.Rodolpho takes his anger for Eddie out on Catherine and he answers her question in a way that the a udience dont expect him to and shocks them. Catherine is also shocked and upset that he hasnt told her he loves her.Rodolpho attacks Catherine about EddieNo I entrust not marry you to live in Italy. I want you to be my wife and I want to be a citizen. Tell him that, or I lead. Yes He moves about angrily. And tell him also, and tell yourself, please, that I am not beggar, and you are not a horse, a gift, a favour for a forgetful immigrant.This shows Rodolpho is upset and angry that Eddie should suggest such a thing. He is proud and frustrated that Eddie and Catherine think of him this way. As he talks Rodolpho walks about showing his frustration and anger. He still doesnt tell Catherine that he loves her although he could be playing for time.The emotion moves on and Catherine talks about Eddie and what he means to herIts only that I He was good to me, Rodolpho. Good. He razzes me all the time but he dont mean it. I know. I would just feel ashamed if I nonplus him sad. Cause I a lways dreamt that when I got married he would be happy at the wedding, and laughin and now hes mad all the time and nasty She is weeping.She doesnt understand why Eddie doesnt like Rodolpho and feels like she doesnt know Eddie anymore. The audience feel her emotion and it makes them feel sad for her. She pleads with Rodolpho to get Eddie to reliance himTell him youd live in Italy just tell him, and maybe he would start to trust you a little, see? Because I want him to be happy I mean I like him, Rodolpho and I cant stand itThe audience can see she is desperate and they feel for her. They want Rodolpho to do what she wants. Rodolpho doesnt seem to take her that seriouslyOh Catherine oh, little misfireThis could be taken as if Rodolpho is protective over her or that he is taking advantage of her.Catherine tells Rodolpho she loves him but he doesnt tell her he loves her back, making the audience wonder why he didntCatherine I love you, Rodolpho, I love you.Rodolpho Then why ar e you afraid? That hell spank you?He is suggesting that Catherine should trust him.Catherine shows she wants someone to treat her like an adult so she can be an adultYou dont know nobody knows Im not a baby I know a lot more than people think I know. Beatrice says to be a woman, but then why dont she be a woman?The char dissembleers are developing and Catherine doesnt understand and doesnt know what to think. She is trying to understand what is going on and what people are trying to say, but she also wants to prove herself and show she isnt a baby.Things start to get more intimate and Rodolpho relates Catherine to nature and shows what Eddie is doing to herCatherine. If I take in my hold a little bird. And she grows and wishes to fly. But I will not let her out of my hands because I love her so much, is it right for me to do? I dont say you must hate him but anyway you must go, mustnt you? Catherine?This could also be interpreted as the bird being held like Rodolpho is holding Cat herine. They hold each other and Rodolpho leads her towards the bedroom, showing Catherine as being naked and he is protective over her. This is a dramatic movement because the audience assume they will have sex.When Eddie comes in the audience can anticipate something will happen because he comes in drunk with many bottlefulsLight rises on the street. In a moment Eddie appears. He is unsteady, drunk. He mounts the stairs. He enters the apartment, looks around, takes out a bottle from one pocket, puts it on the table. Then another bottle from another pocket, and a third from an inside pocket. He sees the pattern and cloth, goes over to it and touches it, and turns towards upstage.Catherine enters from the bedroom first and tries to act naturally. Eddie mockingly asks if Rodolpho has been making her a dress, making the point that he thinks Rodolpho is gay.When Rodolpho appears from the bedroom Eddie realises what might have happened and the audience feel tension because they dont kn ow what he will do. There is a dramatic pause before Eddie tells Rodolpho to get out.Catherine follows Rodolpho and the audience can see that her loyalty is now with him instead of Eddie and she stands by Rodolpho.I just cant stay here no more. You know I cant. Her sobs of pity and love for him break her composure. Dont you know I cant? You know that, dont you? She goes to him. Wish me luck. She clasps her hands prayerfully. Oh Eddie, dont be like thatThis shows her desperation because she loves Eddie and wants him to agree. She doesnt know what else to do but she has decided to be a woman. What just happened in the bedroom with Rodolpho might have helped her to make this decision.When Eddie intimately kisses her on the mouth he is showing that she is his not Rodolphos. This is a shock to the audience and might cause them to wonder if Eddie wants a relationship with Catherine.Rodolpho pulls Eddies tree branch away and tells him to stop it. He is appalled by what Eddie has done and might also be jealous. He tells Eddie that Catherine will be his wife, demanding and taking control. Eddie mocks and taunts Rodolfo until Rodolpho flies at him and Eddie kisses him. This is completely unexpected and shocks the audience even more than when Eddie kisses Catherine. The audience are horrified, as is Catherine who has realised that Eddie thinks Rodolpho is gay and she doesnt know what to think.As Eddie leaves the apartment he tells Rodolpho to get out alone, threatening him. The audience are not sure if Catherine is going to go with him and it is almost left on a cliff hanger because they dont know what is going to happen. The lights go down leaving a tense atmosphere.This scene is particularly dramatically effective because of the fast pace and suspense. There is a lot of change emotion and the audience never know what is going to happen next.

Case study Technique Essay Example for Free

Case examine Technique EssayIn psychological science, upshots regard is the use of descriptive research and abstract to obtain in-depth information about a person, group, or a phenomenon. Case study is conducted using techniques such as direct-observation of the person, personal interviews, psychometric tests, and use of earliest researches archived (Dunbar, 2005). Psychology uses a oddball study often in clinical research to explain an unusual occurrences and conditions of the patient. The conditions ar contrary to the pre-established principles in the fields of psychological science and clinical research. Most of the case studies are single-case design however, there is multiple-case design where instead of using sampling, replication is the criterion for use. Case study in psychology ought to be valid, and reliable to help in the future psychological research. This paper explains the reasons, disadvantages, and advantages of the case study.Reasons for Using Case StudyC ase study allows the researcher to go steady and gather information about persons in far more detail than if the research was on a large number of people. Although the case study is non a research method, clinical and psychological researchers identifies methods of data collection that is suitable for the case study (Goodwin, 1995). For instance, observation, interviews, personal notes, and officially documented ushers. The reason for the case study is to investigate into the private lives of persons with the focus of understanding them and helping them in overcoming the problems that they experienced in their daily lives.Advantages and Disadvantages of Case StudyCase study allows the researchers to collect detailed information about a person that is useful. The information would not have been obtained by the other research methods. The information obtained during the case study is richer and is greater in depth compared to the other experimental designs. Moreover, the research considers rare cases where large samples of similar people are not available. Scientific experiments on the person done during the affect of study are also an advantage (Dunbar, 2005). The process enables the researchers to adapt to ideas and come up with a hypothesis thatwill be a point of cite in the future research.On the contrary, the data collected during the case study cannot apply in a wider population. This makes the data not be useful in longitudinal case studies. In addition, some of the studies are not scientific in nature (Goodwin, 1995). They are only a generalization of the scientific principles. The study considers only one individual therefore, the study is prone to the researcher biases. The bias of the experimenter can influence the conclusions more than in the other study designs. It is also effortful to prove the effect from the psychological case study (Dunbar, 2005). A case study is often prone to be more sentence consuming than the time used in other study designs.Sources of Case Study DataThe case study research generates data from different sources. The researchers use field notes to record data that is already available in stored databases. The use of sampling where one person is examined to represent a wider group is also a method of case study data collection. In addition, questionnaires, observations, and interviewing are other methods used to collect case study data. In conclusion, the study tends to collect qualitative data. The psychological case study is important since it collects unique and in-depth data about a person. Mainly, the rare phenomena and conditions allude to case studies. Finally, it is vital to refer to the recorded data to ensure that the findings are accurate and applicable in the real life situations.ReferencesDunbar, G. (2005). Evaluating research methods in psychology A case study approach. Malden, MA BPS Blackwell. Goodwin, C. J. (1995). Research in psychology Methods and design. New

Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

ethnical Relations in Malayansia1.0 IntroductionMalaysia is a rude of over 200 heathenish groups. Among the Malays, Chinese, Indians, Kadazan-Dusun, Iban and another(prenominal)s. With work from disparate cultural, cultural or otherwise has always been on the agenda in the management of society and rule this country.Because of the diversity of cultures, religions and languages of the citizens of this country, then timbulah respective(a) problems involving pagan dealings. maven could say that racism can always be a demarcation surrounded by the various races. This in turn rouse create tension and involvement between communities and thus may lead to bloodshed.Based on the events of May 13, some definitive things that should be taken seriously in building a united Nagara. In this case, it appears factor harmonious heathenish transaction is the key to the balance between a fortified economy and policy-making stability. Very strong ethnic ties to the citizens of a co untry rife diversity in religion, language, culture and ethnicity.Malaysiayang people of various races and religions need to consider themselves as Malayans who think and act towards achieving a common goal. In line with this, the prevailing integrity between the races in this country should be strengthened to create a more peaceful environment, advanced, off the hook(predicate) and prosperous.2.0 Ch altogetherenges of ethnic relations2.1 Challenges of the economic aspects of ethnic relationsOne of the challenges of ethnic relations in the economic aspects of the physical separation. This physical separation inherent heart and soul of the policy of divide and rule take by the British colonialists in the past. Physical separation is causing causing an ethnic group that does not be intimate or throw away the opportunity to interact more frequently because living in different provinces. This relationship alienate relations and interactions and reinforce the sense of belong and et hnocentrism among members of every ethnicity. This could give rise to prejudice, stereotypes and maintain ignorance among members of an ethnic group against another ethnic group. from each whizz ethnic group has its own education system and remedy use the syllabus as practiced in their home country. Malay scholars studying in the school Melayudan using the Malay language. The Indians were studying in Tamil schools and Tamil languages. As for the Chinese, they are studying in school and Mandarin Chinese. As a result, interactions among them only around ethnicity.The social contract samewise also frequently raised by some parties. The social contract is an agreement reached during independence in drafting the constitution. Among the issues that is often raised is the special position of the Malays, Islam, the Malay language, and so on. Any issue raised or social contract could lead to estrangement hubungn ethnic groups in Malaysia.2.2 Challenges of the economic aspects of ethnic relationsIn the economic sector, there is a wide gap in terms of economic dominance. Most Malays dominate the agricultural sector is relatively backward. Chinese people generally dominate the more developed sectors of business and commerce. season the Indians dominated the farm-based economy. Consequently, the existence of different income gap between ethnic groups.British policy that flummox people on the job cause certain ethnic dominate in any one field of work. The Malays are aroundly engaged in agriculture, fishing and serving as a public servant. Most Chinese people are involved in the business sector and mining. While most of the Indians are laborers on the estate. This difference has ca apply dissatisfaction among certain ethnic groups. Indirectly, this strengthening lgi racism.2.3 Challenges of the political aspects of ethnic relationsIn this country there are different political parties based on ethnic groups and all political parties to uphold the interests of the eth nic groups represented. Politok racism can cause dissatisfaction and reinforce racism if expression of specific ethnic interests made without taking into account the interests of all parties. If the issue of racism, such as language, culture, education, religion, nationality and economic raised, then this action will not erect towards the direction of a cohesive society.2.4 Challenges of the inter-ethnicMalaysia is a country consisting of a pluralistic society. Therefore, there are many differences in terms of religion, language and culture of the society in Malaysia. Each ethnic group to defend their culture and customs, ethnic prioritize them and may also consider only the best of their culture. This led members of ethnic preference for members of the homogeneous ethnicity in choosing a friend, get a job and the outcome will ultimately create inter-ethnic polarization. Apart from the existence of a multi-language press to prioritize their ethnic group would reinforce the feelin g of the respective ethnic groups. Challenges in terms of the importance of these values will create bigger problems if the notion of ethnocentrism is the belief in the conjunction.2.5 The challenges of globalizationGlobalization refers to the borderless world where relationships become increasingly short and quick. We can know the state of the outside world with a quick and fast and all the information can be passed without any limitations.Globalisation brings in influences from the West in terms of ideology, culture Hedonism and negative values, a free economy, science and technology and crushing political system that is considered best for all people.Through globalization, the Western powers are exporting all kinds of evils that harm the country and the environment, culture, entertainment and exploitation of human resources and unprocessed materials. These symptoms result in the disappearance of the luhar and Western thought accepted into society. Their success was aided by th e local partnership who consider all coming from the westbound is good and modern.This will have an impact on ethnic relations, integration, unity, easy to conflicts and even worse inviting communal riots. Indirectly, this situation will worsen ethnic relations in Malaysia.3.0 The mapping of government in improving ethnic relations3.1 Establishment of the Department of National Unity and National IntegrationRacial riots on May 13, 1969 was an eye opener about the importance of the various efforts to more serious focus in managing differences and sensitivities in a plural society like Malaysia. Following the event, the National Operations Council (NOC) was established. On July 1, 1969, the Department of National Unity under the command of the NOC was created to address issues related to the reconstruction of social cohesion in our country at that time (Department of National Unity and National Integration, 2006).After the dissolution of the NOC, the National Unity advisory Counc il was established on 23 February 1971. tariff to nurture and protect national unity, the country continues to be fixed under the responsibility of the Department of National Unity. Between 1990-2004, the Department of National Unity was placed under the Prime Minister by the name of National Unity and Integration Department (JPNIN).Starting from independence until now, the government has developed and emphasis on some socio-economic policy in the lead to the unity and harmony of the diverse communities and national integration. Policies intended, including the National Education polity, the National Cultural Policy and the New sparing Policy. Such policies have been strengthened further by introducing Pillars of the national ideology. To reduce the political actions that can divide people, efforts were made to form the National Front. As a follow up in an effort to create and strengthen the Malaysian race., Several other policies were developed. Among them are the National Deve lopment Policy, the National Vision Policy and National Social Policy. Governments position was further emphasised in the 2020 statement.JPNIN through with(predicate) the Action Plan for Unity and Integration 2005-2010, have planned a sorting of efforts to get ahead and enhance national unity and integration of1. Political strategy Understanding2. Economic Strategy3. Strategies Education4. The National Language Strategy mapping5. Strategies Religion6. Cultural Strategy7. Strategies Regional Integration8. Strategies Security9. Area Development Strategy10. Strategies of Human Energy Use11. Strategies Mass Media12. Strategies Sportsmanship13. Correctional Strategy Unity14. Strategies Voluntary Organisations15. Strategies Reading Research and Publications16. Strategies Monitoring Current Issues and Conflicts17. Strategies establishment of the National Unity Advisory Panel (PANEL) and Unity State Level Advisory Committee (JKPPN)18. Strategies and Activities Program UnityOther strate gies-Creating training in intercultural communication-Establish auditing government policies-Develop an ethic of human rights and responsibilities to the people of MalaysiaPublication reading extensively about the races in Malaysia.3.2 Strengthening the schools visionThe education system cutting across various streams cause no specific mold that can be used to form a cohesive society. multi-stream education system that exists now has resulted in parents of students choose streams according to their own folk. Efforts to foster unity must start other(a) with mambabitkan primary schools in the same mold. As such, national schools should be empowered to adopt a spirit of unity among students of various ethnic backgrounds. Thus, students can be trained to live and work together with patriotism and high berakomodatif.Therefore, efforts should be taken to strengthen national schools in the national education system in order to place a stronger platform to unite the various races in the co untry without compromising national-type primary schools that have been agreed upon by all ethnic groups under the social contract. All parents are given the freedom to send their children to national schools. If they choose Chinese schools or Tamil, then no one can stop them.However, primary school is an institution of education for the children of Malaysia to meet the aspirations and a national identity. School is not just the ability to educate students but financial aid instill the values of unity among students from racial palbagai. The national school is a mainstream education for all Malaysians regardless of race.To foster unity and confidence in one school system, national schools must be made more attractive to attract the non-Malays. In the Ninth Malaysia Plan, to make national schools the school of choice, the quality of dogma in these schools will be ranked by 100 per cent in secondary schools and 25 per cent of primary school teachers will have a first gear degree in 2010. Spirit of unity among students not only need to be nurtured by the school but also institutions of high education. Measures to be undertaken are as follows, viz.1. Not aside the native language proficiency respectively by introducing the teaching of Mandarin and Tamil.2. Provide sensory faculty to students about the importance of interaction between ethnic groups.3. Developing more activity between ethnic groups4. Conduct a program of interaction between the school and incorporate elements of ethnic interaction in the curriculum and enhance the skills to interact with other ethnic groups.3.3 National Service (NS)National Service (NS), first implemented in 2004, is specialized in mandatory training for three months in camp and boarding for teenagers Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia. NS carried out with the Rukun Negara and interdisciplinary curriculum that includes four modules, namely the physical module (among other activities include marching, the obstacles, cross-country skiing and hiking the woods) statehood module (knowledge of national construction or nation-building) Character Building Module (exploration of self and interpersonal) and federation Service Module (includes among other activities such as collaborative clean, beautify and invigorate the surrounding area). NS non-exertion or follow the trend adopted by other countries.As stated by the Department of National Service, NS aims to boost patriotism among the younger generation, foster national unity and integration, develop positive character through the values, the spirit of volunteerism, and giving young people more active, intelligent and confidence.NS indeed contribute to the cultivation of unity, especially among young people because of all the activities carried out to emphasize the spirit of goodwill and mutual tolerance among participants regardless of race or religion. The module is able to inculcate nationalism will love the homeland as well as allow them to learn the customs and cul ture of various communities. When there is a sense of patriotism within the participants, solidarity and integration and mutual cooperation among the races in Malaysia to be created because each had one goal, which is to see Malaysia as a country of peace and harmony. This could eventually produce teens who are willing to sacrifice for the unity of the nation.4.0 The role of society in the context of ethnic relations4.1 neck of the woods WatchNeighbourhood Watch Scheme was introduced in 1975 following applies intrinsic Regulations (Neighbourhood Watch 1975). In the early stages, Pillar Tetanggga allows people to control security in their homes. With a focus on the tasks that are required to patrol the community between the ages of 18 to 55 years. Beginning January 1, 1983 the government introduced a reform with emphasis on the likeness concept that aims to foster and strengthen neighborhood spirit among the local community. Consequently, The Essential (Neighbourhood Watch) Act 19 75 has been amended for this purpose. In 2000, the approach of Neighbourhood Watch was amended once again with a broader mandate, namely the development of society as a whole to create national unity.Vision Neighbourhood Watch is to assist in the building of a united Malaysia in the context of Vision 2020. While its mission is to foster mutual understanding and tolerance towards the development of a united Malaysian nation with its own identity and its motto was the United innovative Direct.The objectives of Neighbourhood Watch, which is to preserve, promote and strengthen national unity and national integration in line with national development policies based on the Federal theme and the Rukun Negara.To ensure the goals are achieved Neighbourhood Watch, a amount of activities carried out by the Neighbourhood Watch community can be categorized into a number of activities as follows Social the practice of visiting during the festive seasons like Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, Deepav ali, Christmas, Gawai festival intensity, and Family Day. Education, informal education, colloquium neighbor women, motivational courses, leadership courses, tuition, lectures in various fields. Sports Neka, running, football, handball, netball, water sports, traditional sports, sports and others. Recreation, tai chi, expedition climbing, hiking and mountaineering, tents and other work. Health and environment-related health talks, anti-drug, AIDS, cancer, cleanliness campaigns, anti mosquito and protect public property. Arts and cultural-dance classes, crafts, traditional games, gamelan classes, drums, traditional dances, lion dance, line of business and others. Economic activities in hydroponic crops, livestock freshwater fish and making the water pepperNeighbourhood Watch Scheme was introduced in 1975 as a measure to allow the people themselves to control and protect the security of their residential area. The scheme was subsequently renewed by emphasizing the concept of a neighb orhood with a philosophy that will ensure the well being of neighborhoods of the country. At present the role of Neighbourhood Watch Scheme extended further with the community development approach to ensure the unity and harmonious relations in the community will remain unchanged and continue.As of May 2006, there were 3228 Neighbourhood Watch areas were established throughout the country.Neighbourhood Watch Committee has organized various activities in their communities. From January to May 2006, the Neighbourhood Watch across the country have adopted a total of 36 029 activities. This activity aims to enable local residents acquaintances helping in trouble together, interact and foster closer ties at the grassroots train between leaders and people and between people of different ethnicity, customs and culture (Ministry of National Unity and National Integration).4.2 Open HouseThe open rest home will be held by all Malaysians when the festive season. All ethnic groups in Malaysia will often visit the home-visiting different neighbors even ethnic. For example, during the celebration of Hari Raya, Chinese, Indian, Kadazan, Iban and others will visit the home of the Malays and vice versa for the other ethnic groups. Ethnic Chinese example will endeavor to provide kosher food to ethnic Malays when inviting ethnic Malays came to the reside during Chinese New Year. This shows that the Chinese really care and understand the culture of the ethnic Malays. The ethnic Malays will not serve beef to the Indians when they came to the house during Hari Raya. These considerations demonstrate harmonious ethnic relations firm always prevailed among the people and understand and respect each others culture. Practice proves social integration among different communities so high despite race, religion and culture.4.3 Acceptance of CultureToday, the non-Malays in Malaysia started receiving Malay culture in terms of food and clothing. For example, the non-Malays handsome styling baju kurung and baju Melayu, especially on Friday and this phenomenon is prescript for non-Malay students. To the Malays, they began to receive Chinese and Indian cuisine as well as the provision of cash from an envelope or red packet using a well-known among Chinese people. Adults also have to look at housing estates, there is the same placement for all ethnic definitely this will countenance more ethnic relations among the people through local activities.4.4 Programs in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)The student affairs through connections and clubs must always promote activities and programs that lead to unity among students. For example, through the activities of the Lantern Festival, which involves not only the Chinese and Indian students, but also to be accompanied by Malay students. Touching student leadership, turned out to be dominated by a particular race, but to also consist of various races such as the Student instance Council (SRC).The course content in all ed ucational institutions should emphasize educational aspects in a harmonious multi-racial society. Spiritual values and common culture should be given preference in the subject of Nationalism, Islamic and Asian and Ethnic Relations. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the curriculum of personal morality and character of the students. This is because high constitution to be the foundation of all spiritual and cultural values that will unite the younger generation.Ike created a club or club Pillars of unity at each university is a very good step for this proposal is an effort to instil awareness of the importance of racial unity. Thus, the student affairs accordingly aid the students to join the club or club Pillars of unity by giving certain privileges such as exemption of credit and so on. The university should also provide support for the activities carried out both in terms of material or advice.Co-curricular activities is a field of study that emphasizes the nurturing and d evelopment of the individual through the psychomotor, cognitive and effective. Thus, extra-curricular activities such as sports programs implemented, clubs, associations, exhibitions, lectures and many more should be intensified and expanded again among students of all races. Outside of the academic system, the students should be involved in various community activities such as foster families, associations and uniform. This experience will be very valuable in understanding how the lives of Malaysians.The unity and community service activities have an important role in encouraging participation and shared experience between them. Thus, the incentive for such activities must be in close collaboration with the government and the hush-hush sector. The students must be assigned in community service projects such as the operation of community service, students return home and so on.The referee also needs to be applied and exposed to racial unity attitude positive. The lecturer must be exposed to courses such as sociology of race and ethnic relations to apply the values that are important in nurturing students for racial harmony. Indeed, the lecturers have a big role as agents to spread unity and harmony in this multiracial country. They are agents of integration and unity that plays an important role in encouraging more interaction through assignments and academic projects.5.0 constituent of NGOs in the Context of Ethnic RelationsWhile there are organizations based on ethnic groups, but there are parent organizations at the national level umbrella organizations such as ethnic-based Malaysian Youth Society, bedroom of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia and many more. This of course can speed up the process of ethnic relations through the role played by NGOs.Talking about whether aspects of leadership at the national level or association leaders attended by leaders of various communities. For example, the leadership of the Malaysian Youth Council attended by all t he ethnic groups in Malaysia.Despite the partitioning of society according to race, as the 4B Youth crusade, Youth Association Tamil, Malay Chamber of Commerce Malaysia, Malaysian Chinese Chamber of Commerce and the Indian Chamber of Commerce Malaysia, but this should be used by these organizations to create various dialogues and seminars in order to understand the problems that exist and find the solution. For example, the Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM) has always held a seminar to explain the importance of ethnic relations in the context of Malaysia.Therefore, the role of the private sector and the government is required to contribute cash in hand to increase research and development for innovation and drive economic growth. These funds are available such as the Intensive Research Priority Areas (IRPA) and grants from private and institutional organizations such as the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the National Academy of Sciences and many more is the generator of economic development.Because science and technology are so plays an important role in the economic development of the country, then this aspect is very important in increasing ethnic Malaysians. This is because when the national economy is increment rapidly as well as political stability, will be able to attract more investors either from within or outside the country to drive economic growth. This in turn provide employment opportunities to all segments of society regardless of ethnic groups. Consequently, the standard of living will increase, the gap could be balanced and the economy is capable of creating harmony in Malaysian society.6.0 ConclusionEthnic relations is a very important thing for pluralistic Malaysian society. Ethnic relations will produce a harmonious Malaysian society, mutual cooperation and understanding, and always appreciate the social contract has been agreed since the beginning of independence.Efforts should be continued to ensure hubungn ethnic groups in Ma laysia are always in good condition. These efforts involve the role of government, community and non-governmental organizations. What is important in ensuring that ethnic relations are in good condition, these efforts must be answered by all levels of society.Cultural diversity in Malaysia should not pose a problem of racism. any race or ethnicity should know and memainkn their role in ensuring racial conflict as the May 13 recur. This unity is essential in order to contribute towards making Malaysia a developed nation by 2020.In this regard, the prevailing unity between the races in this country should be strengthened to create a more peaceful environment, advanced, safe and prosperous. Therefore, all the cooperation of all parties such as government, community and non-governmental organizations is desirable to improve ethnic relations in Malaysia Nagara.BibliographyWhen Isaac (2001). Malaysia from 1945 to 2000. Utusan Publications Distributors Sdn. Ltd. New YorkShamsul Amri Baha ruddin (2007). Ethnic Relations Module. Kuala Lumpur Universiti Teknologi Mara.http//agy7500.blogspot.com/2009/08/siri-225-pelbagai-soalan.html (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )()

Engineering Management at Toyota

Engineering focusing at ToyotaToyota Motor Corporation is the second bombasticst producer of automobiles in the world. It has its military headquarters in Japan and is present in a large number of countries around the world. This multinational order was established by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937. It was formed as a result of a spin-off from a company known as Toyota Industries which was owned by his father. At present, the company leads a group composed of 522 subsidiaries.Toyota has similarly ventured in to other fields of business like financial services and harvestingion of robots in addition to its automobile production operations. The company, in combine with its parent group-Toyota Industries, forms one of the biggest conglomerates of the world. It also has the honor of being the only automobile producer appearing in the top10 BrandZ name citation ranking. The premier brands owned by the company include Toyota, Lexus and Scion. It has a majority shareholding in Daihatsu Mo tors and has a minor share in Fuji Heavy Industries, Isuzu Motors, and the engine, motorcycle and marine craft maker Yamaha Motors. The values adopted by the companys management devote been worded by its founders and have played a significant role in its success. These values have emphasized the importance of terms like, Lean Manufacturing and Just in Time Production (JIT).Toyota has also developed a unique approach, popularly known as The Toyota Production System (TPS) which forms the basis of its Lean manufacturing. The TPS is a wonderful blend of the values adopted by the company and the practices implemented by its management. The system is responsible for ensuring a proper coordination with the guests as well as the suppliers. Its preliminary business objectives were to get profit from the technologies offering potential to develop the customer experience by personalization and streamlining the internal processes in order to ensure a sustained profitability for the busines s (Liker, J 2004).However, Toyota has eer made improvements in its vivacious processes to sustain its genuine growth rate. As a result of this, the company is able to withstand the pugnacious competition experienced in the automobile sector, for a number of decades.Just In Time (JIT)Just in Time is an effective combination of a number of techniques that aim to increase the fall down on investment of a business-activity. This is done by decreasing the size of the in-process impart, and discordant associated costs, related to it. It has been observed that this technique results in remarkable improvement in an organizations re human action on investment, gauge, efficiency and effectiveness. In fact, JIT has been considered as an integral component of an organizations philosophy and not merely as a production technique. (Ohno 1988)JIT was send-off developed and mastered inside the manufacturing units of Toyota by Taiichi Ohno in order to satisfy the requirements of the custome rs without cause any kinds of delays. Later on, Taiichi Ohno came to be known as the father of JIT. Thus, the impute for usualizing the technique is given to Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan. Toyota was successful in overcoming the increasing challenges for its existence through this technique as it focused upon people, plants and systems. (Toyota Highlander crown of thorns 2004)The company was very quick to realize that the successful execution of JIT is possible only when each individual within the company contributed towards it. Toyota pioneered this concept to upgrade its current manufacturing process in order to compete with other major players. For a long time, the company was unable to bear the expenses of huge amounts of land used for storing its ruined products and spare-parts. collect to this, the economic lot size of the organization was reduced, which led to a very low return on investment for its manufacturing units. Thus, a need was matte for devising these uni ts more flexible and eliminating the overhead costs, which were affecting the profitability.With the help of constant research-work, the engineers at Toyota redesigned the manufacturing operations in order to develop a commonality of tooling for various production processes. It also made use of flexible robotic systems for performing a majority of these operations. As a result, common subassemblies were designed that could be used in several models, without wasting much time.The development and implementation of Just In Time technique led to significant improvements for the company. As the work-in process inventory was sold immediately after it was built, a rapid increase in the liquidity was observed. At the same time, the response-time for the customers demands came down to about a day. The rate of customer satisfaction increased in no time as vehicles were delivered before their expected deadlines. Moreover, the risk of warehousing the vehicles was completely eliminated as the co mpany adopted the built to order policy for them. (Just in Time- Toyotas Manufacturing Technique 2008)The very nature of JIT emphasized heavily on the timber aspect, which in turn resulted in the production of high-quality vehicles with minimum complaints. Finally, Toyota redesigned its entire manufacturing process to remove any kind of tolerances, and implemented efficient statistical controls. Consequently, Toyota trained its suppliers to ensure a quality and timely delivery for the spare-parts.JIT increased the motivation levels of the workers, who aimed to accomplish more challenging goals. It also allowed Toyota to concentrate on group labour, which resulted in talent-identification, sharing knowledge, problem-solving skills, ideas and the achievement of a common goal. All these helped the company to secure a competitive position for itself.Stock ControlAutomobile industry incurred high cost on reposition of materials and components. Companies used to store bulk of materials and components. It is the Toyota Corporation that invented just-in-time, a system of stock control. Toyota has adopted JIT method of ordering inventory, for instance it does not keep many assembled cars in its stock. Rather, it manages to assemble the cars in 4 hours after the order is placed. There are many plants of the company who deliver parts and components for manufacturing.Wastage of time is minimized through just-in-time stock control. Detailed production schedules were worked out by manufacturers to find the efficient manufacturing system. Card ordering system Kanban was developed to reduce the space and cost attached with large quantities. In Toyota, components were ordered only after the instruction of Kanban. According to this plan, material that can be used in 1 hour is kept in the stock. But production of whole car plant would be stopped if in that respect is any delay of more than I hour. Initially, it was not easy to bang with the tender system just-in-time. Very soon, Toyota outperformed and developed effective production system. (Hancock, Bolling Pearce 2001)Toyota production system is surprising and passing successful. The production system is valuable and useful out-of-pocket to its integration. Toyota production system focuses on removing waste. Lean manufacturing specialist says just find and eliminate waste (Lean manufacturing, 2001). Searching for the waste and eliminating it leads to continuous improvement. Wastes are of many types such as organizational, psychological and materialistic.Bad design is one of the most terrible and careless mistakes, which occurs due to negligence. Bad design problem starts at the commencement of manufacturing and have an effect on other functions. Designing not only includes the design of tools and parts but also the design of manufacturing process. It is expensive to fix the poor design. (Lean manufacturing 2001)If there is a defect in any manufacturing phase, it goes down the line. This defect leads to losses that increase exponentially.Toyota has quality control system, which emphasizes on finding defects. Quality of work in an organization cannot be improved if labor feel shameful on their mistakes and have fear in their mind. (Lean manufacturing 2001) In Toyota, there is an environment of pointing out of defacement by the person who has committed it. The organization has an efficient manufacturing environment, in which an employee is encouraged not to commit the mistake again instead of being punishing for that mistake.Employee training is of paramount importance in Toyota Production System. Voice of employees is listened by the management of company. Consumer demand is center of gravity in inventory management of Toyota production System. Employee feedback is also an important part of production system.Strict actions are taken on management mistakes, as they are important and harmful than the mistakes committed by the worker. Management mistakes are taken seriously and proper attention is given to them. Layout of production floor reduces motion of workers and assemblies.Employees at Toyota have specialization in many tasks, which is helpful when main skills of the workers are not required. In the period of low demand, plans are particularize to hold the meetings and improvements are made in off time.Inventory is highly reduced in production system. Toyota Production System stresses on consumer demand for material resource planning. Inventory is not pushed from behind rather it is pulled forward through manufacturing chain. Major source of waste is overproduction, which is minimized.The company tries to maintain relationships with few trustworthy suppliers as many suppliers involve much time and paperwork. Manufacturing process is standardized so that efficiency can be maintained. Design of the manufacturing process is such that it is forward looking as it helps in reducing the expenses of changeovers.environmental ProtectionToyota Corporation has continuously been known for its active participation in the environmental protection efforts. It regards the protection of the environment as a key issue for the constant growth of a business organization. In 2000, Toyota framed the Toyota Tsusho Groups Environment Policy for guiding the actions of its managers and employees in accordance with the environmental issues. In the same year, the company set up the Earth Environment Committee, to promote its environment-related efforts. In fact, this committee formed the basis for the current Conference on the Global Environment.Another major effort of the company in this direction came in the form of Toyota Turkey Project. This project is assigned with the responsibility of economic development and progress based on pleasant principals of the ecological studies, for the coming generations. Since, high-quality products are manufactured in secure and hygienic working-environment the project ensures that its operations strictly follo w the global Toyota environmental policies in product development, design and manufacturing processes. (Environmental Factors 2008)Toyota aims to achieve its environmental protection goals with the help of following processes-Manufacturing automobiles with minimum utilization of natural resources, increased usage of renewable resources, low waste production, and causing less environmental impact by the release of hazardous substances and high levels of noise.By obeying the rules concerning the legal requirements associated with environmental issues and other environmental protection legislatures to continuously appreciate its environmental performance.By increasing the consciousness about the environment issues among various sections of the society by training them.By starting open communication with customers and public institutions in regard to environmental management system efforts and environmental protection practices.Thus, to constantly upgrade its environmental performance , Toyota sets annual goals and targets with respect to the environmental management system. Due to its responsible behavior and exemplary efforts in this direction, the company has been certified with the ISO 14001 Environment Management System Certificate.Nearly, 5.644 m of the manufacturing area of the company is being lightened by the sunlight, in order to decrease the electricity consumption. Similarly, the water-pipes constructed of steel are converted into HDPE pipes, to control the wastage of water. Toyota also motivates its business-partners to actively participate in the environmental protection campaigns.With the help of the trainings, members recognition about environmental concerns is increased. For this, the company celebrates the month of June as the Environment Month, every year. In this month, various programs are organized for increasing the level of environmental awareness among all people associated with the company. On similar lines, the company has launched an e nvironmental bulletin- Toyota Green, to complement its efforts in the given direction.In addition to this, the company undertakes detailed inspections before making further investments in business to determine its environment-related impact. It is interesting to note that these inspections are based on surveys aimed to protect the environment, before setting up any new manufacturing units. For this, the company demands detailed investigation from its procurement sources to avoid any kinds of problems related to the environment. In addition to this, check sheets are designed for undertaking surveys and properly gaol off the waste materials, released as a result of the manufacturing operations carried out at the given location.ConclusionIt has been seen that the company has a strong presence in the automobile market-segment. The company has a very impressive history and believes in strong cultural values. It lays a great emphasis on the aspect of quality and efficiency to win the con fidence of its customers. Moreover, the company believes in making constant changes in its existing processes to remain competitive. In fact, Toyota has always been known for the adoption of in style(p) technologies and concepts to increase its work-efficiency and productivity from time to time.This attitude of the company is supported by the introduction of modern concepts such as JIT, Kanban and Robotics, etc. At the same time, Toyota is always prepared to experiment with the new ideas suggested by its employees, suppliers or customers. Due to this flexible approach, the company has been successful in maintaining its position in a very fierce competitive scenario. At the same time, it has been able to satisfy and fulfill the demands and requirements of its customers, in the most profitable manner. Thus, the company would be able to sustain its current growth-rate and profitability, without cladding any difficulty in the near future along with its mission to protect the environme nt from further deterioration. It is also expected that the company would continue to develop efficient and revolutionary work-methods which would be of great utility for the entire industry. However, it has to remain attentive to the constant changes taking place in its external environment and its areas of operation.ReferencesEnvironmental Factors 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from test.toyotsu.co.jp/data/current/pdf-400-datafile.PDFHancock G, Bolling, K Pearce, B 2001, GCSE Graphic Products for OCR.Heinemann.Just in Time- Toyotas Manufacturing Technique 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from www.japan-101.com/business/just_in_time.htmLean Manufacturing 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http//systems.almyta.com/articles/Inventory_Management_History_6.aspLiker, J 2004, The 14 Principles of the Toyota counseling An Executive Summary of the Culture Behind TPS, p. 37, Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan.Ohno, T 1988, Toyota Production System Beyond Large-Scale Production, Pro ductivity Press.Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2004, Canadian number one wood Communications Inc.

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing Essay

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing tryAn action research was sponsored by Mead Johnson in collaboration with NGO to access its efficacy in terms of increasing weight of infants of weaning age in urban slums of Dhaka city capital of Bangladesh. The findings of the study states thatInfants weaned on ENFAMIL had more weight and length gained comp ard to control groupMothers attitude and infants acceptance of ENFAMIL was satisfactory. terminal pests (insects) were found on in one batch of weaning fillets.Now Mead Johnson wants to access the acceptance of ENFAMIL in terms of its price, packaging, taste/quality among middle and cut d admit middle split up families.In the context of the current maturity of the market and the strategic options available, it is first necessary to assess whether the company is marketing the right mathematical return form the point of view of the consumers. Hence evaluation of the harvest is necessary.The specific objectives of the research are to assess consumer evaluation in the broad areas ofPackaging ingathering equipment casualtyThe end objective is to identify areas that need to be strengthened and also the existing strength areas that can be exploited.Start up analysisStart-up costs of Mead Johnson consist of legal costs, research, Manpower, marketing/promotion production is to fund start-up expenses with Companys reserved fund, owner investments and a long-term business loan.Product Testing- ENFAMILResearch cypherItemUnitCostTotal (Taka) specimen product818150.00122,700.00Consultancy fee28,500.0017,000.00Team leader and key members88,000.0064,000.00Field Work supervisor cum Data Quality Controllers165,000.0080,000.00Data Collectors403,000.00120,000.00Study Coordinator27,000.0014,000.00Controller of Field exercise46,000.0024,000.00Focus group discourse64 three hundred.0019,200.00In-depth interview20500.0010,000.00Data Analyst29,000.0018,000.00Daily allowance40120.004,800.00Particulars2,000 .002,000.00Printing of Data order Instrument5,000.005,000.00Stationary4,550.004,550.00Photocopying and rachis of reports2,750.002,750.00Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument3,000.003,000.00Total expenditure511,000.00Source of Capital The source of capital is as followsFunded by company 45% 270000.00Owners investment- 20% 120000.00 bring from Bank- 35% 2 super C0.00Total Capital 600000.00RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATIONPhysical resourcesThe physical resources of this project leave be include all essentials office equipments such as, computers, phone and fax, internet connection for data transfer, data collecting equipment. The costs of the physical resources Taka 140,000.00 ( 1320.00)PHYSICAL RESOURCESUNITTOTAL COSTSSample product818122700.00Printing of Data Collection Instrument25000.00Particular102000.00Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument53000.00Stationary7300.00Total140,000.00Human ResourcesPOSITIONSNUMBER OF EMPLOYEESAdministrative Assistant1Team Leader and k ey members8Supervisors cum Quality controllers16Data collector40Study Coordinator2Controller of Field Operation4TOTAL71Initially there will be a Team Leader who is responsible for the operational work. One will be an administrative assistant who will deal with all the paper work and who will take care of the administration duties. The re main(prenominal)ing people will be divided into few groups. After taking all the necessary information members of the each group will forward these information to team leader to bear upon the activities.Financial ResourcesThe funding and investments for this project will be received from the companys own fund, owners personal investment and loan from the Banks. Research budget with sample products initial expenses is taka 511,000.00 ( 4820.00)enquiry DESIGNThe research design is essentially a concept cum usage test. The details are discussed in turn.New product tuition The development of original products, product improvements, product modificatio ns, and new brands through the firms own RD efforts.The study criteria of new development are written below with a short definitionIdea generationThe systematic search for new product ideas-Idea screeningScreening new product ideas in order to spot near(a) ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible.Product conceptA detailed version of the new product idea started in grave consumer terms.Concept testingTesting new product concepts with group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal.Product development is a major part on marketing. The RD of any company does the mainly product development. In Bangladesh Mead Johnson havent have any RD departments. Mother company of Mead Johnson well known non-government social geological formation have innovated the product according to the consumer need, and analyzing the segment, culture and the other part of marketing.Study DesignWe have conducted a house-to-house random keep an centerfield on using or ganize questionnaires through personal interview. In our persona Monadic test design as followed i.e. each respondent would tried one test product only(prenominal). Prior to the main quantitative survey qualitative exploration was done through Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The opinions were collected in following sequence in the main surveySelection of RespondentsDiscussion on need need gaps on weaning foodIntroduction to concept reactions thereofProduct placement responses to productReaction to priceMETHODOLOGYThe agency proposed a house-to-house random survey to be conducted using a structuredquestionnaire through personal interview. In this case Monadic test design would be followed i.e. each respondent would try one test product only. Hence, we propose to place the product to the respondents for a period of 15 days after which their opinion on the product will be gathered. During this period they will use the product as suggested. Prior to doing the quantitative product tes t 8 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be conducted to have an in-depth understanding of the choice factors and to generate consumer vocabulary for the same.Measuring tools to usedFor valuation on choice factors an 11-point scale (0-10) was used. Consumers will give mark out of ten. This scale has equality of interval properly and is reliable. This is also closest to reality because consumers are familiar with this scale and can easily rate on any factor.sample distribution UniverseConsidering the geographic spread the Company has proposed that the following towns would be cover in the study.Dhaka( Capital city )ChittagongRangpurSyhlettIn sum, the sampling universe for this study is all households having infants aged 4 to 10 months belonging to socio-economic classes B and C (appendix) in the selected towns.Sample SizeQualitative (FGD)QuantitativeMetro Dhaka2156Large Chittagong285MediumRajshahi284 comminuted Syhlett284Total8409The allocation of sample size of it across the selected towns was done on the basis of sampling error ranges and also of heterogeneousness of households within the town classes. For larger towns higher numbers of samples were covered to capture its diversity/ heterogeneity. In all there were a total of 8 FGDs and subsequently 409 respondents for quantitative study. Standard error ranges for different percentage estimates at the 95 % level of confidence based on simple random sample size.Sampling TechniqueWe followed a multi stage, stratified sampling method to ensure representative samples. Within a town, households were selected by the Random Route technique (Cluster sampling). In each cluster/ area (smallest urban unit) 5 households were covered. Thus a total of 17-31 clusters/ areas were covered in each town, depending on sampling size.Target GroupAs mentioned, ENFAMIL targets the middle class and freeze off middle class consumers. Middle and lower middle class consumers are more concentrated in the urban towns than in the semi-ur ban towns or rural villages and hence urban target consumers are more accessible to the marketers for a new brand. Therefore, this study would be limited to urban towns only. Hence, autochthonic target segment for ENFAMIL is all the households of the urban towns having at least one child between 5 to 10 months age and belonging to the middle and lower middle class.Time Plan for the StudyWeeksActivities123456Sample SurveyPreparatory Work for Sample SurveyInstrumental DevelopmentField Briefing, Training Field Work For Sampling SurveyData Entry Analysis for Sample Survey describeFocus Group DiscussionDesk Research for the program Training ModulePreparatory WorkCollection of musical themes, documents and historical DataReportingDraft ReportFinal ReportHead of the householdThe analysis of the respondents is disposed center-wise and on the basis of socio-economic classification. Standard market research classification of income is provided below.CenterSEC eon of the Child (In month) DhakaChittagongRajshahiSyhlettSEC BSEC C5-8 Months8+ MonthTotalTotal1568584841882212181914091. Less than Tk 300015%9%13%4%4%17%12%10%11%2. Tk 3001-400021%20%35%14%12%30%23%21%22%3. Tk 4001-500018%26%31%26%20%27%22%26%24%4. Tk 5001-600011%14%6%19%13%11%10%15%12%5. Tk 6001-700010%8%6%13%14%5%9%10%10%6. Tk 7001-80006%5%6%4%9%2%5%6%5%7. Above Tk 800019%18%4%20%27%6%20%11%16%Mean Score(In Taka)71996682.948649.46567.98422.54834.46968.55930.46483.7 remand Monthly disposable incomeIn majority of the market research projects we consider disposable periodic family income (DMFI). This is the amount of total earning of the family left after paying house rent, if any. This is a very nifty indicator of purchasing power. Needless to mention, average DMFI of the residents of Dhaka is more. And, sort of obviously respondents belonging to SEC B had higher DMFI than their SEC C counterparts.However in all the centers, barring Dhaka, majority of respondents live in own houses especially at Chittago ng and Syhlett (around 76-87%). In Dhaka 77% of the respondents live in rented houses paying an average house rent of Taka 574 per month.Family Size Number of ChildrenThe respondents had standard family size in most cases ranging from 4.7 to 6.2. In other words the average family size was 5.3.The following table will give an idea about the number of children the respondents have.Table Family SizeCenterSECAge of the Child (In Month)DhakaChittagongRajshahiSyhlettSEC BSEC C5-8 Months8+ MonthTotalTotal156858484188221218191409Mean Score4.75.956.25.65.15.45.35.3List of ChildrenBoyGirlList of ChildrenBoyGirl05 Months16%10%08 eld12%12%06 Months13%17%09 Years8%7%07 Months12%13%10 Years6%8%08 Months10%15%11 Years3%609 Months18%17%12 Years6%4%10 Months30%28%13 Years2%1%01 Year*%*%14 Years1%3%02 Years4%3%15 Years2%1%03 Years6%9%16 Years1%-%04 Years11%9%17 Years-%*%05 Years12%16%18 Years*%-%06 Years11%13%07 Years4%6%Total207202On an average the respondents have two children. Among the 409 resp ondents interviewed 298 had children below 8 months and 191 had children above 8 months on the basis of which they were selected.The Respondent99% of the respondents were housewives. The respondents were primarily young and 65% of them belong to the age group of 18 to 25 years whereas rests are between 26 to 35 years.able Occupation of the RespondentCenterSECAge of the Child (In Month)DhakaChittagongRajshahiSyhlettSEC BSEC C5-8 Months8+ MonthTotalTotal1568584841882212181914091. Housewife99% degree centigrade%98%100%98%100%99%99%99%2. Student-%1%-%2%2%-%-%2%1%3. Part time job-%1%2%1%2%*%1%1%1%4. Full time job1%2%2%2%2%1%2%1%2%5. Others1%1%1%1%2%*%*%2%1%INFORMATION AREACONCEPTPACKAGINGPRODUCTstatus motive needs. overall measures-LikeabilityUniqueness-Nutrition-Modernity-Overall pass judgment-AttractivenessAttractiveness-Physical appearance (looks, granularity, etc.)-Dynamism-Intention to try-UniquenessPack size-Preparation convenience (easy to mix with water, does not form lump, etc .)-Friendliness-Intention to use regularly-CredibilityPackshape/Graphics/Design/ color-Taste, aroma, etc-Age trainingLiterature/information-Storage convenience-TrustworthinessOverall acceptabilityAbility to preserve content-Longevity, not forming lump-PremiumUsefulness of information given on the packInsect growth, etc.-SophisticatedCredibility of informationCan be complex with milk, soup, etc.-Natural/freshUsage ExperienceMajority of the respondents (61%) had consumed almost both the packets given for usage. Some 27% had consumed at least one packet in the 15 days, the time given to them to try the product. During this time phase, on average the product was given two times daily to the child mixed with only water (about average of 253ml) in most cases (69%). About 26% of the mothers had also mixed sugar or other items with ENFAMIL. Hot water was preferred most by the respondents (79%), whereas 14% used tepid water.DIAGNOSTIC OF PERFORMANCEIt is clear that the respondents had sati sfactory product implement. Their views on the product therefore are meaningful. We first examine the overall performance indicators of the product. For this we shall consider three indicators- Intention to regular use, Intention to try, and overall rating. Of these three, intention to regular use is the strongest indicator as it expresses the probability of buying and using the product. Intention to try comes next. And overall rating is the third most important indicator as it signifies how much the product is likedSpontaneous ReactionOn exposure to the concept the respondents were asked to express their feeling about steady-going or bad. The major reactions are shown belowCenterSEC%ReactionsDhakaChittagongRajshahiSyhlettSEC BSEC CTOTALChilds health will remain good if fed on with breast milk4145427363435Liked the literature which states this is necessary along with breast milk2512138112116Child will get nutrition29667131715Has Vitamin1712158141414Literature gives Impression tha t it will be a quality product32241712910Balanced diet137849109Helps in rapid1016649109 viewpoint156858484188221409At a top of mind level, childs health has registered most. It is understood that if fed along side continued breast-feeding ENFAMIL would ensure good health. It nutrition, being balanced diet, and helping in babys growth have also registered moderately.Likes and dislikes of the conceptThe respondents were also asked to describe what they liked and disliked of the concept. Only about 2% had any dislike while all had one or more likes of the concept. The major likings are picture of the baby (70%), literature on childs food fatality (26%), the packet (21%).MARKETING MIXAttempting to target relatively high-priced offerings to rural families on the margins of the cash economy, or to the poorest of the urban poor, is simply bad marketing. But Mead Johnson demonstrable this new brand of ENFAMIL so that middle class families can barter for this product at a lower price but meet nutritionary requirements for infants. The next section will emphasize the 4Ps of ENFAMILProductNature of product ENFAMIL milk-based, lactose-free, iron fortified infant formula for first 12 months.Product Features The only lactose-free, milk-based formula, which includes LIPIL, a unique blend of DHA and ARA Lactose-free and sucrose-free No sucrose (table sugar)Nutrition valueNUTRIENTS(Normal Dilution)Per 100 Calories(5 fl oz)Protein, g2.1Fat, g5.3Carbohydrate, g10.9Water, g134Linoleic acid, mg860VitaminsVitamin A, IU300Vitamin D, IU60Vitamin E, IU2Vitamin K, g8Thiamin (Vitamin B1), g80Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), g140Vitamin B6, g60Vitamin B12, g0.3Niacin, g1000Folic acid (Folacin), g16Pantothenic acid, g500Biotin, g3Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), mg12Choline, mg12Inositol, mg6MineralsCalcium, mg82Phosphorus, mg55Magnesium, mg8Iron, mg1.8Zinc, mg1Manganese, g15Copper, g75Iodine, g15Selenium, g2.8Sodium, mg30Potassium, mg110Chloride, mg67Core value the product is giving to its custome rEnfamil the first infant formula in all over the globe, which contains the nutrients DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). Also naturally found in breast milk, DHA and ARA have been clinically shown to support infant brain and eye development.Performance of the PackLikes and dislikes, attribute rating, and overall rating of the pack are examined below to assess the packs acceptability.Overall rating The rating on the pack on overall was collected on a 7.0-point scale. The ratings are as below. %allVery Poor to moderate 1 expert 2Very Good 36Excellent 1Mean Score (1-7) 6.6The pack is excellent on overall consideration. Hence it is quite obvious that it would have few dislikes.PricePrior to exposure to the stipulated price, an effort was made to identify the price most suitable for the brand, via Psychological Monetary Demand (PMD) technique. The respondents were offered a range of price from Tk. 100 to 200 with and increment of Tk. 5, and asked above which price, an d at which price or below they would not grease ones palms the brand. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding pecuniary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of fiscal demand. The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Tk. 75. Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales beam drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can impose the price down to the level of Tk. 60. Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer.PriceMarket price lineENFAMIL TK 75TIMEFigure market penetration strategyDemand moldAccording to the market dynamics, the demand for consumable products depends on the price factor along with other related factors i.e. test and preferences, nature of the product, and economic condition of the target customers. After analyzing the mar ket pattern and relationship of price to quantity through sample survey questionnaire the following demand pattern was observed. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding monetary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of monetary demand.Proportion of consumers Monetary DemandPrice (%)willing to buy (Assuming pop=100)Tk.50 67 3337Tk.55 76 4135Tk.60 83 4958Tk.65 83 5419Tk.70 82 5716Tk.75 82 6125Tk.80 69 5535Tk.85 60 5071Tk.90 46 4137Tk.95 42 4018Tk.100 17 1711Tk.105 15 1540Tk.110 10 1103Tk.115 9 1012Tk.120 0 0The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Taka 75.00 Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales fall drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can reduce the price down to the level of Taka. 60.00 Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer . Thus it can be concluded that the demand for baby food ENFAMIL is elastic. bewilder The nature of distribution of the product and the market accessibility also plays a major role after generating awareness of the product among the target customers. If the customers dont have the product at the right place at the right moment than there exists the possibility that those customers will switch to another brand and have bitter experience while purchasing the product . To reverse the effect of the above situation the company should use both direct marketing and indirect marketing conduct to agitate ENFAMIL. For distributing ENFAMIL the company should use following methodsManufacturerWholesalerRetailersCustomersManufacturerCustomersManufacturerPharmacyCustomers1)2)3)Figure Distribution channelsPromotionThe range of promotional activities available to todays manufacturer or companies can be overwhelming. The promotional action plan for ENFAMIL is listed below.Advertising Newspaper, Bi llboard, Electronic mediaRadio TVPublic relation- Social activities, Sponsorship, sense campaign about the benefits of baby food productDirect marketing- Promoting via doctors through medical representativesENFAMIL is very new in the market it requires specific events such as the launch of an advertising campaign or a press conference to announce the launching of the new product. In other cases promotional activities necessarily be required for the NGO to carry out in different local government and private hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and aware rural, urban middle to lower middle class families about the product. In other cases promotional activities involve putting various elements into place for the long term, such as training salespeople for directing marketing to promote this product via doctors through medical representatives. In all cases, it is important to integrate companys promotion efforts doing so can decrease costs and increase communication effectiveness. sales FOR CASTThe sales forecast has been done in three levels. First level depicts optimistic forecast if all other factors affecting sales are favorable. The secondment level of sales forecast is based on normal ongoing condition of the economy and the next level of forecast is done based on the pessimistic approach.YEARLY ESTIMATED DEMANDPrice remains fixed as the product is price elasticsQuantity demanded (units in hundreds)Economic conditionPortion of expect customer (assumption)Sales forecast (Units in hundreds )TK 75.006125Optimistic90%5512TK 75.006125Normal75%4593TK 75.00

The Battle Of Midway In The Pacific :: War History American Historical Essays

The Battle of middle(prenominal) in the PacificNothing imposing the dawn of June 2, 1942, from countless other dawns thathad fallen over tiny Midway atoll in the North Pacific. Nothing, that is, exceptthe tension, the electric tension of men waiting for an opponent to make his move.On Midways two main islands, Sand and Eastern, 3,632 United States Navy and nautical Corps personnel, along with a few Army Air throw aircrews, stood atbattle stations in and near their fighters, bombers, and seaplanes, waiting forthe Japanese attack they had been expecting for weeks. The carrier battle ofMidway, one of the decisive nautical battles in history, is hale documented. Butthe role played by the Midway garrison, which manned the naval air station onthe atoll during the battle, is not as well known. Midway lies 1,135 miles west- northwestern United States of Pearl Harbor, Oahu. The entire atoll is barely six miles indiameter and consists of Sand and Eastern islands surrounded by a coral reef enclosing a shallow lagoon. Midway was discovered in 1859 and annexed by theUnited States in August 1867. Between 1903 and 1940, it served both as a cablestation on the Honolulu GuamManila underwater telegraph line and as an airportfor the Pan American Airways China Clipper (Miracle 5). In March 1940, after areport on U.S. Navy Pacific bases declared Midway second only to Pearl Harbor inimportance, construction of a formal naval air station began. Midway Naval AirStation was placed in commission in August 1941. By that time, Midwaysfacilities included a extensive seaplane hangar and ramps, artificial harbor, fuelstorage tanks and several buildings. Sand Island was populated by hundreds ofcivilian construction workers and a defense battalion of the communicate Marine Force,while Eastern Island boasted a 5,300-foot airstrip. Commander Cyril T. Simard, aveteran naval pilot who had served as air officer on the carrier USS Langley andas executive officer at the San Diego Air Station, w as designated the atollscommanding officer. Along with the naval personnel manning the air station was adetachment of Marines. The first detachment was from the Marine 3rd DefenseBattalion it was relieved on September 11, 1941, by 34 officers and 750 menfrom the 6th Defense Battalion under the command of Lt. Col. Harold D. Shannon,a veteran of World War I and duty in Panama and Hawaii. Shannon and Simardmeshed into an effective team right away. World War II began for Midway at 630a.m. December 7, 1941, when the garrison received word of the Japanese attack on

Caste System In India Essay -- essays research papers

The coterie system, or Varna, of India, came about when the Aryan speaking Nomadic groups came to India about 1500B.C.. The Aryan priests divided society into a caste system with four parts. This system determined Indian occupations. The priests and teachers were the highest caste. The second in rank were rulers and warriors, with merchants and traders third in rank. Last were the workers and peasants who were born to be servants to the other three castes. People could not change their caste. They had to marry and socialize with people from their own caste. This is very different from the class system of America. In the United States class is determined by how much(prenominal) wealth you have, not usually by your occupation. The three classes are the upper class, centre of attention class, and turn down class. Most Americans fall into middle class or lower class with the very wealthiest people in the upper class. There is one section of the upper class, which is considered old money. These are families that have inherited fortunes from their relatives and are a small part of what is called high society. In American society you are not forced into one class. You can work in any seam to make your fortune and are not stopped from performing any job that you would like to do just because you were born into lower or middle class. Our system is also not based on religion like the Indian caste system is. Another group in Indias caste system are the ...