Classic Pen Case

ACC 341 Classic Pen Case Assignment You should hand in one page of analysis and two sets of supporting calculation. The first supporting calculation is an ABC system for Classic Pen, constructed by filling in the blanks in the following table. First allocate the total expenses in each row to the various activities, based on information in the case. Then choose a cost driver and calculate the rate per unit of the cost driver. Activities Schedule & Handle Production RunsSet up MachinesKeep Product RecordsRun MachinesTotal Expenses Indirect labor & related fringes14,00011,2002,800$28,000* Computer systems$8,000$2,000$10,000 Machinery8,000$ 8,000 Maintenance4,000$ 4,000 Energy2,000$ 2,000 Total activity costs22,00011,2004,80014,000 52,000 Cost driver# of runsSetup timeDL HoursMachine Hours Total quantity of cost driver150 runs (Exhibit 2)526 hours200010,000 Allocation rate per unit of cost driver146. 6721. 292. 401. 40 *This includes half of the $16,000 fringe benefits. The other half is associated with direct labor – don’t forget to include it in your ABC income statement! The second supporting calculation is an ABC income statement showing sales revenue minus each type of direct and indirect cost assigned to the four pen types. Add two lines at the bottom of the income statement: one line shows the operating profit per unit for each type of pen based on your ABC calculations, and the other line shows the operating profit per unit based on the traditional-income calculations in Exhibit 1 of the case. The analysis consists of answers to the following questions (about one-half page each). a)Your ABC analysis should show that purple pens are very unprofitable, while blue pens earn most of the factory’s profits. One of the managers at Classic Pen questions your analysis, saying, â€Å"I can’t believe there’s that much difference in profit per unit between the blue and purple pens. Purple pens sell for ten cents more than blue pens, and material costs are only five cents higher. Labor and machine-hour costs are exactly the same, setup time per run is the same, and we only do twelve production runs for purple pens, compared to 50 for blue pens. So how can the profits be that different? Write a paragraph explaining why per-unit profit is so much lower for purple than for blue pens. In the traditional income statement, overhead costs and indirect labor costs were not linked to the specific products that used them in the process of producing them. They were simply allocated to each uniquely colored pen by the amount of sales they generated, which didn’t take into account the amount of money and time that was spent on making them. This caused direct labor costs to be spread out among the products, regardless of how much the cost of producing them was. In the second income statement that was created in the problem, instead of basing these costs on sales they were based upon certain drivers, such as the number of runs and the amount of time preparing the machine and reports done for each product. This helped to allocate the costs of indirect labor and overhead specifically to the products that were using these resources, helping to give a more realistic picture of the revenue generated for a certain color pen versus the costs spent making them. The purple pens had high quality standards that they had to meet, which required a large amount of time spent on preparing the machines for their runs. It is this relatively large amount spent on indirect labor for purple pens, not the material costs, that causes them to turn such a lower profit than the blue pens. (b)The current overhead allocation rate at Classic is 300% of direct labor. A few years ago it was only about 200%. In the Bridgeton case we saw the overhead rate going up because products were dropped, and volume (and direct labor) went down while fixed overhead costs remained. But that is clearly not the case here! At Classic, new products have been added, and production volumes have gone up. If overhead costs are variable, the increase in volume and direct labor would increase total overhead costs but not the overhead rate. If overhead costs are fixed, the increase in volume and direct labor would leave total overhead costs unchanged and decrease the rate. So how can it be that the overhead rate has been increasing at Classic? Write a concise explanation. When Classic only had two different colored pens, overhead allocation rate was much lower because the number of direct labor hours making the products was lower than when the new products were added. As stated in the case, the amount of time spent on preparing the machines for producing the blue colored ink for pens was less demanding than that of purple or red. For the black colored ink used in the pens, the amount of direct labor spent preparing the machines was nearly non-existent because the vats didn’t need much cleaning out after switching from blue ink, as it did not really affect the quality of the ink color. By adding just two more ink colors, red and purple, the number of direct labor hours significantly increased, which also increased the overhead rate because production was largely increased. The additional colors increased the number of times the vats needed to be emptied out in order to make and produce all the different colors of ink, which added on to the direct labor hours. The red and purple inks also did not disguise residual ink left in the vat nearly as well as the black ink could, so not only were the emptying the vats more often, they were spending a great deal more time cleaning them out in order to meet the color quality standards needed in order to sell the pens.

Management Essay

Our group feels that this question can be answered in 2 different ways namely, from the manager’s perspective or from the employee’s perspective for each aspect of Ajzen’s theory. 1. Attitude toward the behaviour  In this case, the ‘attitude’ here refers to that of the recession. From employees’ perspective – employees will be low in spirits and morale during a recession as they know that there is a high possibility that they will be retrenched by the company. From manager’s perspective – The manager will have a positive attitude about improving the performance of the employees during a recession because if they do not do so, the company will take a long time or never recover from the recession. The manager can improve the employee’s performance by a. Communicating with the employees about the recession and the possible impacts it will have on the workplace. b. Provide continuous feedback which includes occasional recognition and rewards to boost their morale. c. Attribute the employees’ consistent performance and update them on the state of the economy. 2. Subjective norm From employees’ perspective – employees feel that they should not give in their 100% at work in times of a recession as the likelihood of being retrenched is still prominent, so why work so hard? They are pressured by their peers to act in this manner. From manager’s perspective – managers are pressured by the top management (CEOs, shareholders) to think of ways to improve the employees’ performance. Such methods are as mentioned earlier above. 3. Perceived Behavioural Control  From employees’ perspective – it is very easy to succumb to peer pressure and not give in their best in their work in times of a recession. From manager’s perspective – managers are completely in charge on their intention to improve the employees’ performance during a recession as it is their job to do so.

Asian American Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Asian American Experience - Essay Example The economic diversity of Asian American citizens has been a worrying factor. Takaki (502) argues that differences in the social standings of Asian American communities have caused suffering to some of the Asian Americans. Although the Immigration Act of 1965 brought many elites to the United States, it also brought in many refugees seeking better life. This means that the Asian American community is a bipolar one, having the educated professionals and the needy group. Judging, however, by the notion advanced by the media, that most Asian Americans are prominent and intelligent people, many feel obliged to conform to this stereotype. The government often neglects groups such as the unemployed, the elderly and the farm laborers. Social services such as access to medical services and schooling for this needy group are often unavailable. The Asian American community is seen to exemplify the American dream, to the extent that President Reagan, in 1984, perceived the Asian American popula tion as America’s utmost success story (Takaki). President Reagan stated categorically, that all Americans were descendants of the immigrants chasing the American dream. He added that America’s economy needed the hard work and honesty of the Asian Americans to continue thriving. The wages of most Asian Americans are not at par with those of the ordinary Americans. According to Takaki (612), the mean personal income of whites in 1980 was equivalent to that of the Japanese provided the latter had more education and worked for longer hours.

Week 4 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 assignment - Essay Example The young man who slipped was actually carrying a package that fell and causes some fireworks that seemed to have hurt Plaintiff. The package fell on the Platform where Plaintiff was standing and was actually estimated to have been fifteen inches of feet. It was due to the injuries caused by the package explosion that Plaintiff decided to sue or file a case. History: When the case was presented on the trial court, Plaintiff was actually found for by the court and the defendants were forced to appeal making the judgment to be affirmed by the appellate court. Ruling/ Analysis: Negligence in a real life situation is believed not to be a tort until it leads to a wrongful act that tend to deprive or violate one of his or her rights (Furgeson et.al, 2008). It is therefore right to show the possibilities of the obvious danger if harm was not willfully done. Since Plaintiff’s harm did not happen willfully as per the defendant’s part, it was therefore right to prove that package drop, had the obvious prospect of danger(Furgeson et.al, 2008). Being that the package was wrapped and there was no more evidence to prove that it had explosives, no negligence was thrown away. Negligence was not found and railroad had nothing to do with Plaintiff’s injuries. Judge Andrew actually opposed and started defining negligence. In his statement, he said that negligence is a comparative notion and everybody is to stay away from an act or substance that can intrude or interfere with the safety of others(Furgeson et.al, 2008). Summary: Actually, nothing was found in the situation to imply as the wrapped package could have dropped for anybody as this means that no one could have evaded such a situation. Plaintiff’s injury was caused by the explosion and this act was invisible as no one was aware of the incidence. This is one of the reasons as to why Judge Andrew reversed the

Leadership assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example Her moving boxes were not labeled properly and the way she packed her things just did not make sense. So I taught her how to group her things in boxes and mark them for specific use and area of the apartment. This took around 3 days to do and by the time we were done, we discovered that she did not need as many moving boxes as she originally had. Moving day came and I was at her place bright and early to help the movers. I designated each box for positioning in the truck according to the contents in the boxes. Delicate things in the back and the sturdy stuff up front, electronics placed in top of everything else and safely secured as well. When we got to the new apartment, My friend was so busy making sure that all the boxes got off the truck that she allowed me to designate and dispatch the moving crew across her apartment. I supervised them as the unpacked the boxes and made sure that nothing was broken or that anything was missing among her things. After the moving crew left, we began the unenviable task of unpacking her things. Thanks to my organization skills and ability to properly delegate tasks, we were easily able to unpack her things and put the items where they belonged. Needless to say, my friend was very thankful that I was available to help her move, she really doubted she could have done it properly

Essay on the topic of validity in Qualitative research

On the topic of validity in Qualitative research - Essay Example Hence to be able to gain these reliable results triangulation has also been implemented. The benefits of triangulation have been mentioned further in the paper. A paradigm can have various meanings. It refers to â€Å"your basic beliefs† and your approach to the world which affects the way you define your research and how you collect and analyse data (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 47). The research approaches that can be used in studies comprise of a mixture of both the â€Å"phenomenological paradigm† which is also referred to as a â€Å"qualitative† approaches and the â€Å"positivistic paradigm† also known as the â€Å"quantitative† approach (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 47). â€Å"Phenomenological† is based on the word â€Å"phenomenon† which means a fact that happened or an event that was witnessed. With the phenomenological approach the focus is on â€Å"understanding the human behaviour from the participant’s own frame of reference† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 53). As this approach is related to an event within a context of time and place, the aim is to investigate an event by carrying out your own research to â€Å"construct new theory to explain the phenomenon† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, pp. 56-57) or use existing theory. The aim and focus with this approach is â€Å"on the quality and depth of data† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, pp. 56-57). With the positivistic paradigm, the emphasis is on using measurement to find out the relationships between facts and causes of the phenomenon. This is â€Å"an essential element of the research process under this paradigm† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 57). This approach is useful when there is a need to conduct statistical analysis (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 56). A positivistic approach will be used and the researcher will be independent, will not be influenced by the subject of research, and will

Midterm Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Midterm Exam - Essay Example The former employed more male, blue-collar, less-educated workers who needed trade unions (Warner, 2012). The latter employs increasingly more female, white-collar, more educated workers who have less need for unions. These trends impact significantly on the relevance of labour relations to managers. First, whereas declining unionization may appear to exert less pressure on managers, the trend toward workers outsourcing the custody of their labor rights to lawyers implies closer scrutiny for the managers. Now managers will have to be more careful in dealing with their employees, lest they fall victim to the watchful eye of a lawyer. Then, the trend toward employers to devise schemes for employee participation in the running of the organization means that managers will endure less opposition from trade unions. In the old industrial economy, the employee was viewed as a source of cheap labor (Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), 2011). Their only role was to help goods for sale in the market. There was very little contact with the management. This view, however, has changed with the emergence of the so-called post-industrial market economy. The rise of the knowledge worker, in particular, has been instrumental to the mental shift. Broadly defined, the knowledge worker is charged with generating new ideas as opposed to simply implementing policies adopted by the management. This shift in the way the employee is perceived has necessitated a change in the way the workplace is governed. The new approach to governance places more emphasis on the active involvement of the employee in the decision-making processes of the organization (Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), 2011). There are many rewards that accrue to the firm that engages its employees in its decision-making processes. The benefit that is most cited is increased employee productivity (Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), 2011). The employee

NEW VENTURE CREATION -- business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

NEW VENTURE CREATION -- business plan - Essay Example ation of business ideas making an analysis of uniqueness of product, analyzing its sale growth, customer availability, and products and services availability is crucial; and this can be made possible by conducting situational analysis. This report aims to conduct feasibility analysis for a Marvelous Hair Salon and to analyze that either the concept is marketable and valid, does the idea proves the marketability and visibility, should the salon take a start, will the project be according to the budget, quality and schedule, and are the goals of the business will be attainable in creative and consistent manners (Kaiser, 2008). In order to achieve this objective, a report has been divided into five sections. The First section gives the general description of the business with its vision and mission; second section consists of the description of products and services and unique selling point. In the third section, detailed market analysis has been performed. Fourth section is based on the market plan that discuss the tactics to get the product and services to customers and to attract customers. The Fifth section is based on financial implications. Businesses can take place in the market through making alliances, joint ventures, and partnerships (Trost, 2013; Miller and Cross, 2013). Marvelous Hair Salon is a small start-up business that will be initiated by making partnership. Salon will provide all hair related treatments, and the focus of business would be particularly on hair related treatments from cutting and styling to hair transplantation. A good vision statement is written as a future state and mission statement is a guide to company (Shattock 2010; Castleberry 2010; Knapp, 2013) Provide memorable and unique experience for the mission to be constant provider of fresh ideas and styles through keeping up the salon’s partners (employees) with current trends and educating them best practices; all is to exceed the expectations by maintain the highest standards

Written Modified Duty Program Due Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Written Modified Duty Program Due - Essay Example Apart from promoting a faster recovery, activities undertaken at work have proved to be more therapeutic than long rest or only receiving treatment in a hospital away from the workplace. Having the injured employee at work also allows for the early identification of any problem that may prevent an employee’s rehabilitation and the development of programs to overcome them (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.). Effective injury management depends on the cooperative efforts of all stakeholders – employers, workers, insurers, doctors and other health experts. The key ideologies primary to safe, early and long term return to work of injured employees include having systems in use to ensure everyone at the workplace agrees and understands what to do in the happening of an injury. Timely reporting of injuries and early intervention also promotes the place of work to be the most active place for the majority of workers to recuperate from their harm. Injuries or illness can often happen to employees either at work or even outside work. Whether they can return to work round-the-clock, part-time or can’t come back at all. It is crucial to begin to plan how and when they will safely return to work. Return to work programs has clearly stated policies and guidelines that help the injured employees go back to their employments as quickly as possible and even compensation systems that provide them with benefits and assistance to help them recover and return their standard way of life. A team tactic is often best when planning for a return to work. The reclamation team should include injured employee, employer and health providers. Consider a support person and/or union representative also. An injured employee has rights and responsibilities, and so does their employer, their insurer and treatment providers. Injury management covers all aspects of managing their damage or illness. The secret to operational injury management involves early reporting

Patient Education Handout on Schizophrenia Essay

Patient Education Handout on Schizophrenia - Essay Example Those with paranoid schizophrenia often have delusions or hallucinations and may become suspicious and hostile without any reason. The undifferentiated category includes those who manifest a combination of all these symptoms. Residual category refers to patients who have a previous history of the disease but currently do not manifest any symptoms. The effects of the disease can have serious repercussions on the lives of the patients, ranging from the tendency to overindulge in alcohol or reason. Schizophrenics also tend to remain secluded, often in a depressed mood. As a result, they become unable to cope up with the daily routine and may neglect work or other social commitments. In extreme cases, they resort to suicide when the depression overrides their capability to bear with the problem. However, no matter how serious the problem may seem, there is definitely hope as the modern medical science offers ample treatment avenues and medication to combat the disease. Medicines such as Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, Olanzapine etc have been proven to be effective in the treatment of the disease. Thus, with the support of family and friends, along with timely treatment and regular medication, schizophrenia can be treated. Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care (Updated Edition). (2010).  

Answers to Questions in Astronomy Essay Example for Free

Answers to Questions in Astronomy Essay 1. How do astronomers measure the distances to galaxies and how does that allow the sizes, luminosities and masses of galaxies to be determined? A distance indicator is an object within a galaxy that functions as a marker to that galaxy. It may be a Cepheid star, globular cluster, H II region, planetary nebula or supernova. The distance to a galaxy, especially if it is very far away, is approximated by employing the Hubble Law which is expressed as Recession Velocity (Vr) = Hubble’s Constant (H) x distance (d). After obtaining the distance, it is possible to determine diameter through the small angle formula and luminosity from distance and apparent magnitude where both formulas are derived equations (Garber). Meanwhile mass can be estimated in three ways. Rotation curves reveal the calculation of rotational velocities for varying distances from the galactic center so that once distance and velocity are known, mass can be obtained (Garber). Another is through the cluster method which focuses on the motion of a galaxy within a galactic cluster. The size of the galaxy as well as range of velocity determines the total mass of the cluster (Garber). The third is through the velocity dispersion method where the spectra of the galaxy are used to approximate mass. Broad spectral lines indicate high velocity which in turns suggests a large mass (Garber). 2. Discuss how individual stars and the shapes of galaxies are affected by collisions. As a galaxy approaches another in a collision, the gravitational fields of the stars in each of them start to interweave and the resulting powerful tidal forces disturb and radically alter the shape of the galaxy, similar to the manner in which the gravitational pull of the moon causes the tide to rise in regions of the earth nearest to it but magnified a thousand times. A collision initiates the formation of tidal tails, bars or rings and colliding gas clouds produce knots of newly formed blue stars while the nucleus of the galaxy becomes deformed (sciencedaily.com). On the other hand, when stars collide, they merge together as one star that displays unusual brightness and heat relative to age so that they become very prominent in their globular cluster. These stars are referred to as â€Å"blue stragglers†. When stars increase in age and use up their hydrogen, they become cooler, less massive and red in color but through collisions, they obtain extra mass causing them to turn blue (Masters). This permits them to remain longer in the main sequence the phase in a star’s life where it burns its hydrogen. 3. Explain the differences between the three types of galaxies and what happens to change their shape. An elliptical galaxy is rounded or oval in shape, do not have visible gas and dust or bright, hot stars and consists of population II stars. Elliptical galaxies are also surrounded by globular clusters. A spiral galaxy has a disc component, consists of both populations of stars, exhibits a nucleus and may have arms with differing orientations (Garber). An irregular galaxy does not present a regular pattern and includes new and old stars alike. Galactic interaction, collision and merging, which involve the effects of the gravitational fields of galaxies, are the primary events that change the shape of galaxies. The subsequent structure depends on both the type of the galaxies involved and the directions of their orbits (Keel). Collision, mentioned earlier, may not result in a merger if both galaxies have enough force to continue moving away from each other after the event. Galaxies are said to be interacting when they do not collide but both their gravitational attractions cause distortion and exchange of gas and dust (astro.umd.edu). In interactions that occur at slow speeds and involve galaxies with unequal masses, spiral formations may assume irregular-lenticular shapes (Than). Gases being pulled to the central region, as a result of tidal disturbances, clear away the spiral configuration, leaving behind a disk structure. The most drastic interaction is the merging of two galaxies and occurs when they collide but lose their momentum to slide past one another. Instead, they fall back into each other and unite into one galaxy, losing their original shapes in the process (astro.umd.edu). When a significantly more massive galaxy collides and merges with a smaller one in a type of interaction known as galactic cannibalism, the bigger galaxy does not exhibit a visible change in shape but the less massive galaxy is ripped apart, loses its shape and becomes integrated into the bigger one.

Hamlet Speech Draft Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Speech Draft Essay In Shakespeares famous play Hamlet, Hamlet reveals the duality of human nature as he is the hero of one plot whilst a villain in the other. Hamlet portrays the heroic characteristics through bravery and fearlessness. On the other hand, he is a villain because he is a coward, disrespectful and he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. But Hamlet is neither a complete hero nor a complete villain. He is both, and this contributes to Shakespeares message concerning the duality of human nature. The following paragraphs will elaborate on Hamlets 3 different types of personalities. Hamlet being a hero of a plot is a major theme in the play. This is shown by through his actions of avenging his fathers death by killing the current king Claudius, Hamlets uncle. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of braveness by following the ghost ignoring the fears of his friend for him strong enough to break the restraining hold and follows the horrible illusion not knowing what could happen to him. [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 4, 88 95] Hold off your hands, My fate cries out and makes each petty artery in this body as hardy as the Nemean lions nerve. Still am I called.- Unhand me, gentleman. By heaven, Ill make a ghost of him that lets me! I say, away. -Go on. Ill follow thee. Hamlet does this because he is in desperate urge of wanting to discover how his father died and that he truly loves his father. The final reason for Hamlet being a hero is because he is not afraid of facing a politically superior man. This means that hamlet is not afraid to face the king; a person more powerful than him and tell everyone the truth about what happened to his father. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of fearlessness when is ready to fight the king. This is proven when he says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene2 198 -200] I am constant to my purpose, they follow the Kings pleasure. If his fitness speaks, mine is ready. Now or whensoever, provided I be so able as now These words show that Hamlets fearlessness quality and that he is not afraid of facing a person much more powerful than him. Hamlet shows his bravery, fearlessness and determination through his action and speech and those are the qualities of a hero. Although Hamlet has many great Heroic qualities, he also has numerous villain characteristics shown through his actions and speech. He may be seen as a villain because he caused the death to the whole royal family including Polonius, Ophelia and even himself. One of his villain characteristics is portrayed when Hamlet said some harsh words to his mother making her feel threatened. [Hamlet-Shakespeare, Act 3, Scene 4, 21-23] Come, come, and sit you down. You shall not budge. You go not till I set you up a glass Where you may see the inmost part of you. These words illustrate one of Hamlets villain characteristics of being disrespectful. In addition to that, he broke Ophelias heart, as well as killing her father which caused her to become insane and lead her to commit suiciding. He also lied to his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern changing the letter making them the suspect of execution. Hamlet says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene 2, 61-66] Why, man, they did make love to this employment. They are not near my conscience. Their defeat does by their own insinuation grow. Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes between the pass and fell incensed points of mighty opposites. This shows that Hamlet is a coward, not facing execution himself but had to make his innocent friends face execution for him. These evidences proves that Hamlet is a villain because the death of the king Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Laertes, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and himself is caused by him either directly or indirectly. Shakespeare uses the characters in the play Hamlet, especially the protagonist Hamlet to imitate the duality of human nature. Hamlet is a perfect example of a duality because he is both noble and immoral at the same time. An example of this is at the beginning when he is shocked over his father death and his mothers quick remarriage to his uncle. This is shown in the text when Hamlet says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 151-158] even she O, God, a beast, that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer married with my uncle, my fathers brother, but no more like my father than I to Hercules. Within a month, ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. He then changes when he soon discovers about how his father was murdered and desires to seek revenge. Another example of a duality is that Hamlet exposes the noble side of himself. This is when he grieves for his father and despises the situation that his mother has left him in. He says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 85-88] These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passes show these but the trappings and the suits of woe. This makes the reader feel that he dislikes his mother but on the contrary he still loves her even though she has left him in a miserable situation. These examples portray the duality of human nature from the character Hamlet. Hamlet can be both the hero due to the bravery and fearlessness he has shown through his actions. Although he shows heroic qualities, he can still be a villain through his coward, disrespectful and immoral actions. Hamlet is often noticed that he has more than one side to his personality at the same time and this is revealed through the play when he stands for what he believes in and takes avenge for his fathers death but in the contrary not only did he kill Claudius, he was involved in everyones death including Ophelia, Polonius, Gertrude, Laertes, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and that he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. Through these actions, Hamlet portrays the qualities of the duality of human nature.

Evolution Of The Global Automobile Industry Marketing Essay

Evolution Of The Global Automobile Industry Marketing Essay By the start of 20th century, the demand for cars started growing but the cars were still expensive, because these cars were manufactured and assembled with hands. Henry Ford introduced the legendary Ford Model T which was the beginning of an era, where even middle class could own a car. For the first time, Fords Model T introduced the concept of Assembly line in the automobile sector. The concept of mass production-high volume low variety- was brought into focus and this was made immortal by the words said by Henry Ford in his Autobiography where he says, Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black. The era after the First World War was known as the vintage era (1919-1930). The First World War was a milestone, as closed body cars was put into production in the 1920s and the technology of automatic transmission was first conceptualised in this era. During the great depression in 1930s the number of automobile manufacturers decreased drastically and consolidation in the industry took place. The period 1930-45 was a slack period, except for demand from military forces for personnel transport. After the World War II, large scale rehabilatation of war ravaged economies took place and this led to increased industrial activity and increased incomes. The development of automotive sector saw different trends in different countries across the world. America was known for manufacturing power ridden luxurious cars; Europe was known for manufacturing compact cars. This was also a period when growing level of world trade made competition from foreign manufacturers a new reality with which the automobile firms had to deal with. The modern era of automobiles (1980-2010) is the era which saw the maximum action in the form of revolutionary designs, enhanced performance and increased fuel efficiency. The oil shocks in 1973, 1980 and 1990s ensured that smaller and more fuel efficient cars came to stay even in the American market, which was known for its big cars and SUVs. With growing concern around the world about the consequences of global warming, automobiles running on alternative fuels became a reality. The worldwide commercial success of vehicles running on cleaner technologies like Toyota Prius demonstrated the coming of age of clean fuel cars. VINAY The Global Auto Industry Today Global automobile hubs are located in various parts of Europe, America and Asia. Practically every major country has one or more auto hubs. The maximum number of automobile hubs is in Europe with United Kingdom having 258 hubs, followed by Romania with 197 and Finland with 83 hubs. United States of America has 47 auto hubs and Detroit in the most famous one. Among Asian countries both India and china have one hub each. Some of the major players in the market and the number of vehicles sold by them in the year 2009 Company No. of vehicles sold Toyota 7,234,439 G.M. 6,459,053 Volkswagen 6,067,208 Ford 4,685,394 Hyundai 4,645,776 Recession and Auto Industry The global automobile industry was hit hard by the economic crisis of 2008-09 and the effects are still being felt on the industry and the production. In December 2008 U.S. automobile sales dropped by 37% compared to earlier year. The impact was felt on various companies across the world but major among them were the top auto companies of the United States namely for Chrysler, General Motors and Ford which were so hit hard that they applied to be bailed out by the United States. The auto industry annually contributes 3.6% i.e. 500 billion dollars to U.S.As total GDP. This 30% decline in auto sales would mean a direct 1% decrease in the output of the country. The automobile industry has a total employment of 8.5 lakhs work force into manufacturing, and 18 lakhs workers in auto dealerships in USA. In December 2008, the auto industry presented an appeal before the government for 34 billion dollars bailout package to avoid getting bankrupt. In January 2009, the government gave out $24.9 billion from the $700 billion of total bailout fund for the Big 3 auto companies. Combating Recession Some of the measures taken by various auto companies and the government which were necessary for the survival were that the government in china reduced its automotive taxes to spur flagging sales which actually happened. Seeing the falling production numbers, SBI reduced its interest rates on auto loans in February 2009.In the first few months of 2009, Tata Motors conducted a widespread marketing campaign announcing the debut of the Tata Nano. Nano was named the peoples car, and the Tata Motors hoped that the low cost would be an advantage and motive behind customers to buy the vehicle in spite of the credit crisis. Unlike others, the South Korean automakers saw it as an opportunity. The continued growth and success of korean companies is because of the fuel-efficient, well-equipped and affordable cars having warranties and features. This attracted consumers from across the globe and that to at such a time when there was severe economic recession, oil prices were raising at a tremend ous rate and environment was an issue of concern for all and sundry. Thus South Korean auto manufacturers gave a strong competition to luxury vehicles and SUVs which were expensive and were from Japan, US and German auto manufacturers. In Europe sales had decreased drastically and views were expressed to support the automotive industry financially, particularly in France, Germany and Italy. Alternate auto fuels Today seeing the changes happening in the world at large in terms of rising oil and gas prices there is a growing trend among people to go for cars which are small and compact and at the same time have no compromise with the fuel efficiency and performance. Due to these rising concerns and awareness among the people with regards to global warming and depletion of petro fuels, auto companies world over are trying to make use of alternate fuels like Natural gas, Bio diesel and Electric cars which are coming up to cater to the needs of the modern customer. These alternate fuels are environmentally friendly and also very efficient and economical than the petroleum based fuels. ARJUN Evolution of Indian Automobile Industry During the 1940s and 1950s, the industry was characterised by socialist ideology. The domestic auto industry was heavily protected and foreign firms were barred from entry. The Indian auto companies kick-started their businesses by importing know-how from foreign firms. Hindustan Motors and Tata Engineering were in the business of manufacture and sale of power excavators, dumpers, bulldozers, and scrapers. The only passenger cars manufactured were the Ambassador by Hindustan Motors and Premier Padmini by Premier Automobiles Ltd. Heavy Commercial Vehicles were manufactured by Tata Engineering and Ashok Leyland. The Leyland Comet bus was being used by most of the state transport corporations. During the mid 1960s, the green revolution movement improved the agriculture in India. The International Tractor Company of India, a joint venture between Mahindra Mahindra and the International Harvester Company, USA; was established in 1963, during the green revolution. The economy was protected, and hence there was no innovation. The companies had limited licenses to produce goods. For instance, in the 1970s, to buy a Bajaj scooter; a customer had to wait for 12 years. It was during the 1980s, the industry was warming up to delicensing in the auto sector. These policies were instrumental in establishing companies like Swaraj Mazda, a joint venture between Punjab Tractor Ltd., Mazda Motor Corporation, Japan Sumitomo Corporation, Japan. Delicensing removed the constraints on output, inputs, technology, and location. This helped plants to leverage on economies of scale, optimal input combinations, and newer technologies. Domestic consumption increased, as a result of which the plants were provided with the necessary stimuli to innovate, increase productivity and improve quality. State intervention need not always lead to poor results. Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) had extensive support of the bureaucrats. The Government of India helped MUL in matters like import clearances, land purchases and reduction of excise tariffs. Bureaucratic support notwithstanding, MUL had major advantages like economies of scale, first mover advantage, affordability, financin g schemes and service networks. Since during the 1970s and 1980s, there was high degree of protection and regulation, the policies of the 1990s like liberalisation led to a boom in the auto industry. Foreign multinationals produced technologically superior goods with guaranteed quality. The domestic market became increasingly competitive. Hyundai has emerged as the second most important car manufacturer after Maruti Udyog Ltd. (MUL) (SIAM, 2008). Other major players like Ford, General Motors, Toyota, etc have also entered the Indian Market. Source: http://www.india-reports.com/articles/Auto-Industry-India-Demand-Growth.aspx The graph shows a sharp increase in sales of automobiles since 1990s till 2000. The industry responded to the sharp increase in demand through over capacity, enhanced RD facilities, advanced technology and logistics. Auto Hubs in India India is said to have three three main hubs of automobile production. Chennai India was recognized by various companies as a potential low cost base of manufacturing. One of the first companies set shop in India was Hyundai in 1996. It scouted for various sites across India and zeroed in on Chennai. Today it produces 6,00,000 cars every year. There are many other companies in the automobile sector that are present in and around Chennai. Some prominent companies are: Ashok Leyland Caparo group Ford BMW Daimler Mitsubishi Hindustan motors Nissan Renault Royal Enfield The factors that made it possible for Chennai to become an automobile hub are stated below-: Readily available infrastructure Most of the plants are located in the place called Sri Perumbudur. This place has excellent connectivity, with plenty of land availability. One of the most important reasons in favor of Chennai is the presence of a port. This serves the purpose of exporting cars and vehicles to foreign markets without bottlenecks affecting the process. During 2008-09 alone Chennai port shipped around 146000 cars and this figure is estimated to grow at an exponential rate in subsequent years. As an alternative even Ennore port is being developed to cater to the growing demand. Availability of proper banking facilities also contributed to Chennai being seen as an auto hub. Availability of technical manpower Southern part of the country in general and Chennai in particular has an abundance of technical labor. On being asked whether he was happy and satisfied with Chennai, the Ford India managing director, Michael Boneham, said, Yes, we are satisfied. You have a very stable government and legislative environment. There is a transparent industrial policy no matter which political party is in power. You have governments very supportive of the industry. The second thing is the availability of labour. Educated reliable labour is the strength of Chennai. Overall, we are very happy with our experience in Tamil Nadu. The above words testify the importance of skilled labor in thrusting Chennai to limelight. In fact government is trying to reorient the educational institutions in and around Chennai to tailor make their courses to suit the needs of automobile industry. Investment friendly investment industrial policy The government of Tamil Nadu has been very forthcoming in providing all the institutional support necessary in the form of tax breaks and land at highly concessional rates. The most recent concession by the government has been to provide 300 acres of land to construct an automobile testing track, for the common benefit of all automobile companies in the vicinity, which is known National Automotive Testing Research and Development Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) at Oragadam. . Power projects are being implemented on a fast track basis to cater to the growing energy needs from this sector. Abundance of suppliers Chennai had some automobile industries even before the present automobile boom. This ensured that a wide range of ancillary units for manufacturing auto components flourished alongside the main industry. Right from tyre manufacturing companies like MRF and Srichakra tyres to the new engine production plant by Hyundai. Chennai accounts for 35% of Indias auto ancillary industry production. Such reliable supplies ensured that logistics for automobile companies becomes easy. PUNE Pune was once known to be a pensioners paradise and a calm and quite city. Today it is one of the most important educational, auto and software hubs in the country. The city saw one of the first plants being set up by Premiere Motors the makers of the once famous Premiere Padmini set up a plant in 1960s. Today the city boasts of many automobile. Some of them being as follows-: Tata Motors Baja two wheelers Force Motors Mahindra two wheelers (formerly kinetic) Mercedes Benz General Motors MahindraMahindra FIAT Volkswagen There are quite a few reasons for the emergence of Pune as an alternative hub for automobile industry. These are very much the same reasons as that for Chennai like a) Proximity to urban prosperous markets like Aurangabad, Nashik, Mumbai and availability of port in Mumbai. b) Availability of manpower. c) Favorable investment climate. d) Reliable auto ancillary supplies Pune has a wide range of   Tier-1 Tier-2 and infrastructure suppliers. Prominent Industry Players includes Bharat Forge which is one of the top forging companies in the world. Their Pune facility includes their HQ, Design Center and Manufacturing Facility.  Another is Sandvik, which is a world leader in cutting tools. Their Pune facility has been around for nearly 50 years. e) Research Institutes, Suppliers Infrastructure Players: There are certain research facilities that facilitate the automobile companies to conduct RD on a common platform and lower their costs. ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India)  Ã‚   is a premier research and certification institution for the automotive industry in India. PARI Robotics Automation is one of the leading industrial automation companies and have setup factory automation systems at many global manufacturing facilities.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Software and IT are increasingly playing an important role  cars and automotive manufacturing. Many leading global CAD/CAM/CAE Software Leaders are based in Pune. These include:  Siemens (formerly UGS), PTC, Ansys. Important IT Outsourcing Players in this space in Pune include Geometric and KPIT Cummins. GURGAON Gurgaon as an automobile hub is almost entirely based on Maruti Suzuki and Hero Honda. But it forms an important part of Indian auto hub because Maruti Suzuki has a market share of around 48% in the countrys passenger car market and annually it produces around 1 million vehicles in its plants in Gurgaon and Manesar. The Gurgaon- Manesar stretch accounts for around 43% of the annual passenger vehicle production of 2.3 million in the country. Initially gurgaon was selected as a site in 1981 for setting up the Maruti-Suzuki plant due to its proximity to New Delhi-the political capital of India. Slowly ancillary industries serving Maruti developed over a given period of time. Due to unprecedented economic growth gurgaon developed into a satellite town of Delhi and infrastructure in the gurgaon-manesar stretch developed phenomenally. Maruti Suzuki expanded its plant from time to time to meet the growing demand. The established ancillary industry and readymade infrastructure available acted as a draw for another major company, Hero Honda. In 1984 Hero group tied up with Honda motors of Japan to launch the Hero Honda group for manufacturing two wheelers in the country. Today Hero Honda group produces around 3.9 million bikes from its three plants and the two plants around Gurgaon alone are estimated to produce 3 million bikes an year. Hence Gurgaon today houses the largest two wheeler manufacturer and the largest passenger car manufacturer in the country. THE INDIAN AUTO INDUSTRY TODAY This years Delhi Auto Expo 2010 exhibition showed strength of Indias automobile Industry, where the Indian company Tata motors presented products ranging from worlds cheapest car Nano to the expensive luxurious Jaguar XJ model. Global luxurious car players like Toyota, Honda, and Volkswagen announced to launch small cars especially for Indian market. Globally auto companies are facing a number of problems in the form of rising labour costs, saturation in developed markets etc. With so many problems facing the industry they started looking towards the developing nations as a possible base for manufacturing. India and china emerged as a natural choice for these companies with their huge and cheap workforce, investment friendly policies and huge domestic markets. India more so, due to the solid engineering and technical base that was institutionalized since the 1950s in line with Jawaharlal Nehrus policy of scientific temperament. Today India has emerged as a favoured destination for ma nufacturing small cars both the export market and for domestic market with 4.12 lakh small cars being exported from India in 2009-2010. Even the heavy commercial vehicles sector in India has grown by leaps and bounds which till 2000 was almost a duopolistic market with only TATA and ASHOK LEYLAND being the two players. But with the economic activity in India in full swing foreign manufacturers like Kamaz, Volvo and Mercedes Benz have entered the country to set up a manufacturing base. Two wheelers have been the mainstay middle class transport and is the largest automobile segment by volumes in the country. Indian two wheeler market is dominated by domestic players and foreign players except Honda have not been able to penetrate the market. Now there are various reasons why these Auto giants are concentrating on India in recent years. 1) Huge untapped domestic market Less than 1 percent of the population of India currently owns automobiles, which is a much smaller proportion as compared to the rest of the South-east Asia region. Also the large size of the middle class with increasing purchasing power and the youthful population as in India the highest proportion of population is below 35, there are huge opportunities to tap the rising demand in domestic market. 2) quality manpower at low cost Another advantage is availability of talent and skills at low cost. The concept of using India as an export hub is underpinned by its low labour and engineering costs. Indian engineers had considerable skills, and could make improvements quickly and cheaply. Bajaj Auto once dependant on Japanese giant Kawasaki but soon found that its own RD produced far better bikes for Indian conditions. Suzuki hired team of 25 engineers from India to Japan to develop new model Swift, which was big success in Indian markets. Tata Motors created the Nano, the worlds cheapest car, making the world sit up. Nissan-Renault in collaboration with Bajaj Auto are developing ultra cheap car. All above and many more examples proved the capability of and quality of skilled manpower in India . 3)Relatively Secure Market For Global Auto Majors Honda and Suzuki were the first foreign auto players to have venture with Indian companies Hero and Maruti in 2 wheeler and 4 wheeler segment respectively. The ventures were huge success and proved beneficial for both the companies. Hero Honda emerged as worlds largest manufacturer of two wheelers since 2001. Maruti-Suzuki is the only Indian company to achieve sales target of 1 million cars in single year 2009-10. During US recession time when the global auto sales was dwindling, the growing Indian domestic market sales helped both companies Honda and Suzuki to sustain and remain profitable. At that time, the world recognised the potential of Indian automobile market. 4) Need for collaboration with local partners The Indian car market is highly price sensitive. This presents difficulties in pricing and positioning of product. The market leader, Maruti Suzuki has largely used its pricing power to maintain its dominance in the A and B segments where it prices most of its products lower than its competitors. This forced global Auto majors to adopt different strategies for Indian market. Many of the global companies started collaborating with already established Indian auto companies to understand the need of local customer better. For e.g.: Toyota-Kirloskar collaboration. 5)Rising income levels Private and public sector salaries have risen at healthy chip during the last few years. The sixth pay commissions and fiscal stimulus have boosted overall wages. This helped to keep sales growing despite of recession and rising Inflation rate. Commercial vehicles showed highest growth of around 38% in current year 2009-10 over the previous year. While overall sales grown at around 26%. 6)Export base to emerging markets India is emerging as global manufacturing hub for small cars. Indias vast domestic market and the large pool of technically skilled manpower are the magnetism for the foreign Auto investors. The country is likely to export its small cars to emerging markets like Brazil, Argentina, Europe, Malaysia, and South Africa. These nations are in fact fast emerging as huge small car markets. Hyundai Motors, in 2008, exported 240,000 cars made in India and expecting 50 per cent of its 600,000 unit production in 2010 to be exported. The company currently exports to 95 global markets. Maruti is targeting at the SAARC region and West Asia as newer markets and is aiming at 30 per cent exports of their production. Another player, Nissan, which has a collaboration with Maruti for, exported 65,000 units of A-Star to Europe in 2008-09. India has overtaken China as a car exporter in year 2009, exporting 201,138 cars in January-July 2009 against Chinas 164,800. Indian exports in this period went up 18%, while Chinas fell by 60%. Of other big Asian exporters, Koreas exports have fallen 31% and Thailands 43%. In a terrible global recession, India is the only country with zooming exports. Domestic Market Share: Automobile sector is one of fastest emerging sector in India. The Indian automobile industry today boasts of being the second largest two wheelers manufacturers in the world, second largest tractor manufacturer in the world, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world and fourth largest Car market in Asia. In India, volume wise the domestic automobile market is leading by 2 wheeler segment which comprises almost 76% of total sales. Figure :As per Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Impact of Automobile Industry on Indian Economy The industry currently contributes about 7 per cent in Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 5 per cent in Indias industrial production.It is targeted to grow fivefold by 2016 and account for over 10% of Indias GDP.After Government announced 100% FDI into automobile sector in 2002, lot of investments offered by foreign automaker companies. Even as the auto industry in developed countries faced serious financial problems bailed out by the government, the Indian automobile sector is consistently attracting attention global investors. Indian Auto sector of showed 70 per cent growth in foreign investment. The FDI inflows have increased from USD 675 million to 1,152 million in FY 09 over FY 08. Atleast five million jobs will be created by 2015. TAMSE PRESENT CHALLENGES Infrastructure After liberalisation, many foreign players entered into Indian market. At the same time, Indian assemblers have augmented their production capacity. But the main road block for them was poor road infrastructure. The cars are of superior quality and more fuel efficient. Indian consumers have the purchasing power but are not willing to buy the cars owing to narrow roads, lack of connectivity between cities, poor road conditions. Class Length in KM National Highways/Expressways 66,754 State Highways 128,000 Major district roads 470,000 Rural other roads 2,650,000 Total (approx) 3,314,754 India, with approximately 3 million kilometres of roadways, has the third largest road network. But this network is under huge pressure and needs modernisation. Lane capacity is abysmally low and only 16% of roads are four lanes and above. 40% of villages lack access to all-weather roads. Additionally, Indian ports would need significant upgrades to handle high volumes of vehicles. Human Resources Reducing number of Mechanical engineers: The new wave of IT, Electronics and communication has shifted the preference of students from core Mechanical engineering. Many of the Indian institutes have closed down ICE (Internal combustion Engineering) departments and reduced the intake of Mechanical Engineering seats. Shortage of semi skilled workers: There is also an urgent need to improve the quality of skilled and semi skilled manpower working in the auto industry. To do this, the existing vocational educational institutions have to be upgraded and more number of such institutes should be started. Today, most of our vocational educational institutes have poorly trained, unmotivated and uninspiring teaching faculty, and outdated equipment, machines, syllabus and governance system. Shortage of human resources in auto design: Creative people do not get the proper training in automobile components design, which is the main reason why India has to import designs. We have very few design institutes and their creative output is minimal for the Indian Automobile Industry. Rising oil price G:dollar barrel.png International price of crude oil is rising sharply. This can be a severe blow to the growing economy of India. Also the rise in oil prices will impact the automobile industry. But at the same time, it will lead to the development of alternative technologies. Indian companies should spend significant amount on RD of alternative fuels to remain in the competition. Weaknesses of the various players in the Indian automotive industry They are classified in four different categories: (1) Indian Assemblers, (2) Multinational Assemblers (3) Indian Component Makers, and (4) Multi-national Component Makers. Indian Assemblers: lack of product design capability (except TELCO) Multinational Assemblers: Lack of experience with the Indian market, industry, and government. Small component supplier base high import tariffs Indian Component Makers: Small Size, Fragmentation Lack of know-how in certain areas. Multi-national Component Makers Import tariffs, currency exchange rate fluctuations Inexperience with Indian workforce JYO Future of the Indian Automobile Industry Key research highlights projected till 2015 Market Research has shown that passenger car production in India is projected to reach 3 million units by 2015, with a CAGR of around 10%. The export of passenger cars is estimated to rise more than the domestic sales. Passenger cars and 2 wheeler segments are estimated to grow at between 10-12%. Rural Market of two-wheelers is expected to exceed 10 Million units. Auto component exports are likely to reach double digit figures. Indian Auto sector is expected to become the worlds third largest automobile market by 2030, behind only China and the US. To compete at a global level, the factors that need to be improved are Designing, engineering and technical skills Quality systems Adaptability to change in technology Risks that auto manufacturers may face in future A global slowdown can hamper the prospects of the industry. Due to the global meltdown as well as the slowdown of the Indian economy, the demand for automobiles has seen a slump. Although it is now picking up. This is because of the cyclical nature of automobiles, which rises and falls with the condition of the economy. Volatility in the prices of metal and other raw material such as plastics and vinyl is a cause for concern. Costs of Natural rubber may continue to rise by 25%, causing tyre manufacturers to hike their rates, which are affecting the industrys cost competitiveness. Competition from other developing economies may strain margins of Indian manufacturers. As the Rupee appreciates, exports could become costly. Future possibilities in the sector: Exports: Increasing the share of exports in the sources of revenue- Korea, South Africa, Thailand and Latin America i.e. basically expanding into varied regions will generate more revenue for the sector Luxury cars: They usually cost above Rs. 20 Lakh and are also a big segment in India. The big three of Luxury cars in India are major players are BMW Mercedes and Audi. Rolls Royce and Volkswagen are expected to make their way into Indian markets. Relaxation of Import Tariffs will help reduce prices of luxury cars and in turn help its growth. Electric cars: In the past decade, there has been increasing concern towards the environment. This includes the erosion of non renewable resources of energy such as petroleum. The pioneer of the electric car in India is the Reva (a JV of Maini Group India and AEV California) in 1994. Companies must strive to shift to environmentally friendly vehicles. For this advanced technical skill is required. By the end of 2010, the electric version of GMs Spark is expected to be launched. Smaller cars with improved fuel efficiency: Rising prices of oil as well of environmental concerns will push manufacturers to better fuel efficiency of their vehicles. Small sized cars are more fuel efficient as well as better suited to Indian roads. Alternative fuels: Vehicles need to be manufactured with the ability to run on fuels such as Ethanol, Propane or bio-diesel. Technical research must be made extensive on these. However, there are still some governmental restrictions on using ethanol as vehicle fuel. There is scope to use such fuels if and when government policies are relaxed. Hybrid technology: A combination of IC engines as well as electric motors can be used to make hybrid vehicles. However, due to the high premium of 50-60% this may be preferred only by car owners and not commercial vehicle owners. The table below shows where manufacturers must place themselves in order to be players in the global markets. Indian Manufacturers must move towards becoming Contenders or Extenders. increase in sales in rural

Interview With A Marine :: essays research papers

The Few the Proud and the The Brave. Timothy Durham A corpral in the United States Marine Corps Considers himself to be a example of what the Marines exemplify. "I am a Marine to the heart 100%." Timothy joined the Marines at the age of twenty three, in search of a better lie for both himself and his daughter. He felt like the Marines would be the best route to not only developing him into manhood but also providing him with the best "possible benefits". "I wanted To be a better person and open up doors of oppurtunity for myself. I wanted to provide for my family, buy a house and be able to live comfortably.What better way then to serve my country." During his four years in the Marines Timothy has traveled throught the United States and around the world to Japan, Australia, Korea, Panama and the Phillapines. In Addition He has recieved numerous certificates of commendation for going above and beyond. Because of being such an outstanding Timothy and 13 others from his squad were invited to preform in the Australian bicentenial parade to preform military drills. But despite his accomplishments What does it mean to be a Marine? "Discipline, heart, Attention to detail and pride"are all qualities that Timothy feelsare nessacary to being a Marine.The Marines are the toughest branch of the military. They break you down and build you back up. It requires strength, endurance, and determination. Everyone is not tmade for the Marines because it is both a physical and mental challenge. You have to be able to take instruction and follow them apprioatley. You have to me Marine quality." A day as a Marine is very extensive. A Marines day begins at 4:30 am. Physical Training starts at 5:00 am and last for an hour. Immedialy following is morning formation a brief explanation of the days activity as well as morning attendance. Wheter on the field or in the classroom military training begins at 7:00 am. This a basic insturction class which last 5hrs and teaches skills for combat. Lunch last about 40 mins and is followed by another shower. Then comes field training a basic overview of the skills learned in the classroom. Next, is weapons cleaning. Company formation begins at 4:00 pm. This is a marching drill exercise that teaches marching skills. The Squads day comes to a close after dinner with liberty or free time.

Theme of Hardship in The Grapes of Wrath Essay -- essays research pape

The Grapes of Wrath 'In the souls of the people, the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.' This quote explains the whole book. It shows the people fighting for their lives from the many hardships they face. Also, it shows that there is ups and downs in life and sometimes facing the wrath that life gives us. The first hardship in the book is when the Joads are forced off their land. They have to overcome losing their home and basically their life. Also, the Joads can relate to many people because the bank took over their life. ?The bank is something more than,it?s the monster.? (33) This passage is very right because the bank takes over everything in everyone?s life. Next, the Joads had to become bigger than themselves. They had to drop their life and move to a different state. When they arrived in California they were not accepted for who they are. To them California is a whole new universe. They were taunted and called ?Okies.? But, even before that Grandma Joad died, leaving Mama Joad very depressed. Then being to poor to afford a funeral they had to just bury grandma in a random spot. The setting and time period would change the factor of the Joads life. First, if the Joads lived in this time period many of their hardships would be different. They wouldn?t have to live in a camp and the government would support them. When the Joads live in the camp they experience the better part of their journey, While at Camp Weedpatch they receive shelter and the essentials for every... ...he question of the book is when life gets hard stick through it and live as the best you can. The Joads answered the question. Life became hard for them and they stuck through it. At the very beginning they could have gave up but they didn?t. They had a plan and went through with it. That?s why the Joads are ro-models for the families struggling. Steinbeck?s quote ?My whole work drive has been aimed at making people understand each other.? This is also what the book is about. Understanding each other is the key to surviving. In conclusion, this book explains life itself. It shows life is not perfect and sometimes giving up everything is the way to survive. There is going to be hardships in life and there?s not. In the end, understand each other and never give up.

ACL Injury :: Sports Medicine

Sports Medicine ACL Injury The Anterior Cruciate Ligament is one of two central ligaments that support the knee. ACL injuries occur most frequently in planting and cutting sports such as soccer and basketball. ACL injuries are thought to occur more often in women then in men due to the anatomical differences between them. The Anterior Cruciate Ligament also know as the ACL is located behind the patella (kneecap). It connects the femur and tibia. The ACL acts as a seat belt in the knee, it keeps the tibia from slipping as a result of jerky movements. Since women’s hips are wider it may put extra pressure on the ACL, making it more vulnerable to injury. High estrogen levels at mid-cycle may also make the ACL more likely to tear from to much movement. Women tear their ACL’s at a rate of two to eight times that of men. The ACL is listed as the most commonly injured ligament in the knee. Most often when ACL injuries occur the knee may feel as if it is coming apart or giving way, and a commonly described â€Å"pop† may be heard at the time of the injury. most athletes are unable to continue participating in their activity, but some are able to stand and walk. Swelling usually begins in the first few hours after injury. Pain progressively worsens and muscle spasms may occur, A complete exam at the time of the injury is ideal. Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction’s are performed using arthroscopic surgery. The surgery is performed by removing the damaged section of the ACL and replacing it with a graft from the patella tendon, hamstring tendon, or a cadaver graft. To connect the graft back into the knee two tunnels are drilled one into the tibia and one into the femur. Then two small pieces of bone are placed in the tunnels and then the graft is attached to the bones. Traditional rehabilitation after surgery involves a period of rest then the gradual introduction of exercises to improve range of motion, strength, and functional ability.

A-B-Zee

This report evaluates the recent recruitment and selection arrangements for the sales assistants. It focuses on the opportunities and constraints that both the labour markets placed upon the recruitment and selection of sales assistants at A-B-Zee. It also examines the individual and organisational benefits that could be gained by providing non-standard working arrangements for sales assistants at A-B-Zee. The report finally proposes a strategy recommending how A-B-Zee’s next campaign might ensure a greater response from members of the ethnic minority community. Organisation’s response to the opportunities and constraints placed upon it by both local labour markets in the recruitment and selection process The general constraint in the recruitment process was that A-B-Zee was new to the each labour market and thus had no reputation to call upon in its search for quality employees. Also the rate of pay being offered still follows that of the parent company. In London, the full-page display advertisement on the newspaper was a good opportunity to get across to potential applicants because the advertisement were imaginative and attracted attention. However, the recruitment team were faced with the constraint of the accessibility to these advertisements to enough potential employees who fully met A-B-Zee’s criteria and sustenance of the candidate’s interest in the vacancy. Also, they were faced with time constraint, as the length of the ensuing recruitment process may not meet the store opening date. The Recruitment team responded, first, by trying to speed up the recruitment process. They introduced the ‘phone-in and walk-in’ facility to the advertisement. The phone-in enabled A-B-Zee to arrange immediate interviews for those evaluated as suitable from the evidence of the telephone interview. They also responded by simplifying the application form to make its completion more convenient. The ‘walk-in’ initiative involved one to one meeting with interested candidates. They were able to successfully use the ‘walk-in’ to increase the number of applicants and also to influence those that are suitable to join the company. In instances where parents wanted to cancel due to not having arrangement for someone to look after the children, A-B-Zee invited them to bring along the children. This seemed to be a good opportunity to attract potential employees with parental experience. The organisation also responded by making application forms and letters of offer readily available, thus increasing the speed of the company’s response. This particularly met the company’s needs with regards to speed. One other constraint which the recruitment team discovered was that the attraction of applicants was limited by the readership of the newspaper. The company responded by producing leaflets. These were distributed to houses fairly close to the store and to those of the ethnic minority around the store. This was carried out in order to meet the objective of having a balanced work force in terms of gender, age and ethnic minority. Apart from being easily accessible, the recruitment team also responded by making themselves more available. They worked through the evenings and weekends, thereby making them more available to applicants. At the northern store, the closure of several manufacturing companies was an opportunity to have a large pool of potential candidates. A-B-Zee took the initiative to solicit with the local Job Centre. The result was that there were too many applications to be processed. The major constraint was time. As a result of the huge number of applications, there was constraint in the task of short-listing for interview which was as a resulted of the enormous volume of applications received. Majority of the applicants were of good quality Also, given the size of the task and the time available it was very likely that the quality of the short-listing decisions would be affected. The lay-out of the application form did not help the short-listing process at all. The most relevant information was not grouped together. This was a major constraint as well because more resources, effort and time had to be devoted to responding to all the applicants. The recruitment team was also faced with the constraint of having to respond quickly and courteously to all applicants (unsuccessful as well as short-listed applicants). This was in a bid to initiate and maintain goodwill among its potential customers. Also, the bid to recruit a balanced workforce across gender, age and ethnic group could not be achieved because, of the numerous applications received, very few were from the ethnic minority. In general, the recruitment process at the northern store proved to be very resource-intensive Individual and Organisational Benefits that could be gained by providing non-standard working arrangements for sales assistants. The organization: Benefits that A-B-Zee could gain if it provides non-standard working arrangements to the sales assistants include: Reduced absenteeism as the workers will have time to attend to family and personal commitments. This will guarantee a high staff attendance and increase productivity and efficiency in the stores (Wood & Payne 1998). Apart from that, non-standard working arrangements provide a wide pool of potential employees from which the HR department can choose from. Another major benefit tot he organisation is that it could also reduce the fixed costs associated with standard contracts and a constant working force which seem to ask for more payments as they stay at the company. Hiring part-time staff is a safer choice in this time of economic uncertainty and could also be a method for the company to screen and evaluate new-hires and perhaps offer them full-time positions in the future and when needed. The sales assisatants Benefits of non-standard working arrangements to the sales assistants include a work-life balance resulting in increased motivation and job satisfaction (Nadler, 1984). It also gives the employee the opportunity to enter into other endeavours, such as studying or taking up another part-time job that is not in conflict with the current one. Apart from this, it puts the employee in a position to accept or decline job offers that would require them to work longer ZZZhours. Mothers are exposed to the job market where they can obtain work experience, gain skills and sample the employment situation. Also, reacquiring work skills and confidence may be an interesting opportunity for mothers who have withdrawn from employment for a long period of time. (Mangum n. d. ; Howe 1986) Strategy, recommending how A-B-Zee’s next campaign might ensure a greater response from members of the ethnic minority community Initial survey of the labour market In order to attract more members of the ethnic minority in future recruitment campaigns, I believe that an initial survey of the labour market in question should be carried out before commencement of the recruitment process. This would give an insight into the location, size and needs of the ethnic minority in such labour market. Location of new stores The location of new stores may be considered based on the findings above, thus bringing the stores in close proximity to the ethnic minority. Advertisement and Application forms Creating awareness in the target area would increase the chances of getting applicants. As A-B-Zee is new to the labour market, placing advertisement on the radio and television and providing information to the public on what A-B-Zee is all about, what they do and when their superstores would be open, would definitely increase its awareness to the target community. Thus when job advertisements are placed, people have an idea of what company they are going to be potentially working for. The job advertisement should be able to reflect the company’s policy of recruiting a balanced workforce across gender, age and ethnic minority. This could be achieved by including the ethnic minority in the promotional materials i. . putting images of both ethnic and non-ethnic minority on the advertisement. This would catch the eye of any member of the ethnic minority that sees the advertisement and would encourage them to apply for the job. It should also emphasize on the part-time work schedule being offered by the company. Presenting a work schedule that encourages flexibility my appeal to women of the ethnic minority who believe that they might not have time to take care of their children (Moosa, 2009). Also by offering skills training in the advertisement, members of the ethnic minority may be encouraged to apply in a bid to be trained on their communication and interpersonal skills. The application forms should be simple, well laid out and should also include statements of assurance that A-B-Zee recruits a balanced workforce across gender, age and ethnic group. The selection and hiring process To attract more members of the ethnic minority, A-B-Zee needs to convince their target that the ethnic minority is well represented in the company. This I believe can be achieved by increasing the involvement of the minority in the interview process. Other recommendations that can help with the recruitment process include, 1. Carrying out a salary survey and review; It is possible that the pay rates based on the parent company’s standards may not be appealing to the target market of future campaigns. By carrying out a salary survey, A-B-Zee can calculate the competitive position of the company in terms of recruitment and can then review the salary being offered. 2. Considering using recruitment agencies in part or all of the recruitment process. This would definitely reduce the work-load on the Human Resources team. 3. Since the target market is people with parenting experience, A-B-Zee may offer child-care program to its prospective employees. Child care programs have proven to produce reductions in turn-over, less absenteeism, recruiting advantage and positive impact on productivity and at the same time serve the compan y’s public relation interest (Howe, 1986). In conclusion, resourcing for manpower for a new superstore is a very challenging task that requires proper planning and hard work, putting into consideration that the company is new to the labour market. In order to acquire a balanced workforce across gender, age and ethnic minority, cultural norms and barrier between the age groups as well as between the majority and minority have to be overcome. Raising awareness could also help to bring about more participation by the minorities in future recruitment campaigns.

Keep Fit

How to keep fit and beat out profound sprightlinessstyle ? 1. Doing aerobic exercise regularly helps to keep fit and help to get healthy lifestyle. 2. Think daily or meditate this an important way and honorable way to get healthy lifestyle. 3. physical action is essential to healthy living. 4. The organic structure was implicatet to move, and when it doesnt, it can become unhappy and ill. corporeal activity stimulates the bodys natural maintenance and patch system that keep it going. Activity mend circulation to our heart and lungs.It gives us strength to watch off injuries . And it increases the mobility in our muscles and joints. Physical activity is good for the body and the mind. Exercises include spry walking, cycling, dancing, swimming, and rowing. 5. Eating healthy food precise important . What you put into your body alike a shot effects how you feel physically, your mood, your mental lucidness and even your skin. Eating healthy doesnt mean eating expensive fo od. 6. Reduce tenseness help to good life. So we should curtail stress to get healthy life.Stress happens when your life become out of balance physically, mentally and emotionally. This imbalance can be caused by internal stress like worrisome too much, environmental stress like pressure from work , family or friends. Or by stress from being languid or overwork. Being stressed has the electric potential to affect your health in a variety of ways. Because from stress you become tired, sick, tense, plaguey and unable to think clearly. If you want to eff healthy lifestyle, you will need to make do the stress in life.

Goa Tourism

Goa isnt about shores.Goa lies in Western Coast of India and is 594 Kms (by road) away from Mumbai city. Goa, for the purpose of revenue administration is divided into district viz. North and South Goa with headquarters at Panaji and Margao respectively. The entire State comprises 11 talukas.It is a tourist attraction site.and South Goa comprising five talukas with an area of 1966 sq. ilometers. In all there are 383 villages of which 233 are in North Goa district and 150 in South Goa district. As per the 2001 census, there are 44 towns of which 14 are Municipalities and remaining are census towns.

North Goa provides a number of accommodations.Goa is Indias richest state start with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the early Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National new Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.Panaji is the states capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter.Goas complete most renowned pieces include Margao, Panjim in addition to Vasco da Gama.It lies between the latitudes 14Â °53? 54? N and 15Â °40? 00? N and longitudes 73Â °40? 33? E and 74Â °20? 13? E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it f rom the Deccan Plateau. The highest important point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet).Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 mi).

Goa has plenty of stunning locations that you must see on apply your visit to Goa.Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goas rivers is 253 km (157 mi).Goa has few more than three hundred ancient tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs. Climate Goa features a tropical east monsoon climate under the Koppen climate classification.Our tour packages cover a wide selection of vacations.Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These several months are marked by nights of around 21 Â °C (68 Â °F) and days of around 28 Â °C (84 Â °F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the many nights are a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds.

A Goa trips cost is based on the rainy season youre travelling.Goa has scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim Airport is serviced by the following carriers: Air Arabia, Air India, Kingfisher Airlines, GoAir, Indigo, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, JetKonnect and Qatar Airways.Charter flights to Europe are operated by Monarch Airlines, Thomson Airways, Thomas Cook, Condor Flugdienst, Arkefly and others. Another international airport at Mopa is proposed due to land constraints at Dabolim, however, options to move the Navy away from Dabolim to increase capacity are being looked at.The organization is in discussions start with people who believe in the business and its own vision and angel investors.Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along Indias west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A day running across the state connects the capital Panjim to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao important Port from Cortalim.

Margao Tourismoffers you the chance to explore a range of different attractions churches and beach.Another form of transportation in Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called â€Å"pilots†.These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, â€Å"pilots† tend to be the cheapest common mode of transport. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.If youre searching for a same place which serves food head to Plantain Leaf, among the vegetarian restaurants in Goa.Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goas hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passenger steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was see also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.Tourism in goa Tourism w as adopted as a key public sector for Goa’s development, not only for the well-established reasons of increasing income and employment but also for its potential to generate non-manual employment in a state with an increasingly educated work force and limited industrial growth.

Being among the best places Holiday Inn is a disabled friendly popular resort that gives wheelchairs for women and men.Over 90 percent of domestic tourists and over 99 percent of the international tourists frequent these areas.Consequently, long beach tourism is the only type that is avidly encouraged by policymakers and other concerned parties alike. Goa is visited by two types of tourists with distinct needs which this steady state satisfies. The first is the domestic tourists, who comprise 80 percent of all tourists.Yes, food is a celebration here.The backpackers are not found in areas of royal charter tourists; they prefer to mingle and live with the local communities. Whereas, the charter tourists tend to stay in the luxury starred hotels. Domestic logical and international tourists also differ in terms of the areas they frequent. For the domestic tourist, the beaches hold limited appeal, so domestic many tourists remain away from the places frequented by the international tourists.

It also cannot be cooked in the open.million of whom were from abroad. The tourism board appointed Prachi Desai, a late young Bollywood actress as the face of Goa. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the long winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate.Responsible tourism is what were promoting, states Samarth.In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style modern architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Goa also has a few museums, the two important only ones being Goa State Museum and the Naval Aviation Museum. The Aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the India, the other twenty two being in Delhi and Bengaluru. Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC)Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC) was different set up on 30th March, 1982 to look after the commercial activities of the Government in the service indus try of tourism in the state.

Travelling in old Goa is quite easy.The Board of Directors consists of 12 members. The shareholders consist of 7 members, all of whom are Government nominees. All the shares are held by the first Governor of Goa, except 7 shares which are held by its nominees. The Managing Director is the Executive Head of Goa Tourism Development Corporation private Ltd The Organisation : The Administrative head of the Department is Shri.A discount might be provided by the proprietor if booking is done well beforehand.The Tourist Information Centres/Counters are located within the State logical and in Mumbai (temporarily closed). The Zonal Officers are primarily responsible for monitoring the Registration of Tourist Trade under the Tourist Trade Act, 1982. The Director of Tourism: The direct current Director of Tourism is Shri. Nikhil Desai.

Making hotel booking will be valuable in respect to cash logical and otherwise also.Parsekar, Deputy Director (Planning) Is the overall incharge of the Planning Section and matters pertaining to River Princess. Shri. Arvind B. Khutkar (Revenue) Is the overall incharge of the Revenue Section.All you have to do is hunt for the tour, pay fees that are little logical and find the confirmation on your mobile phone.Shri. Jose Roque Gracias Flor, Asstt. Director (Trade) Shri. Rajesh A.

Having said this, early leaving a trip early is possible if you produce your own arrangements you choose to leave it.Ganesh R. Teli, Assistant Planning Officer (Planning) Shri. young Subhash K. Kavlekar, Assistant Planning Officer Shri.Activities of the Department : Policy Formulation. Development of Infrastructure. Goa Tourist Places (Protection and Maintainance) Act, 2001 old Goa Land (Prohibition of Construction) Act, 1995Administration of Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act. It is mandatory for all Hotels, Travel Agents, Tour Operators, Tourist Guides, Tourist Taxi Operators and Dealers of notified articles and other persons engaged in tourist activities to register themselves under the Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act, Registration is to be annually renewed.To create & project a customer friendly & professional image. To comply start with quality management systems. To periodically review established quality objectives. To continually improves and enhance effectiven ess of quality management systems.

Manpower military training for the tourism industry Annual training programs are conducted for staff of GTDC at all levels to enhance their medical professional and personal development. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Grievances to be addressed to the Executive Head i. e.Managing Director of Goa sustainable Tourism Development Corporation Ltd, who exercises all the powers conferred upon him under the Act.The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a first large number of tourists. Dance and music Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado. Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, devotional Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian Classical singers hail from Goa, including Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar.Coconut and desiccated coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. non Goan food can be divided int o Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti, chorisa and Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the Goan Catholics.An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike.The state also has a rich wine culture. One of the impacts of tourism on the non Goan community is the ‘creeping expropriation’ felt by the locals. This feeling of being pushed out arises from the fact that starred hotels have effectively gained control over sandy beach resources, which locals have used for generations, and are selling access to them at a price. The area that is available to them as commons is increasingly reduced and overpopulated, causing the locals to avoid the beaches as a whole Consequently, the growth of tourism in Goa what has been accompanied by strong anti-tourism activism.

Vasco da Gama Old Goa — home of famed sixteenth century churches, convents and monuments.Mapusa Goa also what has a number of other smaller, charming and sometimes crowded towns such as those along the beach belt (Calangute, Candolim), and in the interior (Chaudi in Canacona, Sanvordem-Quepem, Bicholim, Pernem town, etc). Some of these are gateways to the nearby touristic areas. In addition, Goa has some nearly 350 villages, often scenic and each having a character of its own.Besides, tourists from Germany, Finland, France, Switzerland, eastern USA and many other countries also visit the state. The domestic tourist comes from all over India, as Goa is a very popular tourist’s destination.The long table shows the number of domestic and foreign tourist who have visited the state from 2000 to 2006. Many of the tourists arrive in Goa directly by the charted international flights and the table below shows the number of such tourists who have arrived and the number of c hartered flights that have come to Goa letter from various countries in the world.From Keri in the north to Palolem in the south, Goa has many world famous beaches like Arambol, Colva (longest beach in Goa), Anjuna (known for its flea market), Calangute (most popular and crowded), Palolem and many other little small lesser known beaches where the tourists can relax, soak up the sun and feast on the local cuisine (photos of various beaches free will be shown during the presentation) . Adventure Tourism: It has recently become very popular in India. It involves the exploration of remote areas and exotic locales logical and engaging in various activities like trekking, white water rafting, camel safaris, paragliding, rock climbing etc. Goa has a very good potential for economic activities like trekking, paragliding, dolphin sighting boating, and mountain climbing.Almost 60% of the Goan area is protected area. Around 1. 25 lakhs tourist visit these sanctuaries every year. Goa has a vari ety of flora and fauna which could be used to attract tourists to these places.

Foreigners from many developed countries prefer to come to Goa for a variety of treatment ranging from dental surgery, hearing problems, knee replacements to even heart surgery. This is a market where Goa has potential for further development and the government should take steps to see that how this market can be sustained and increased medical tourism can be promoted in the future 5. Pilgrimage Tourism: As with the rest of India, Goa too is famous for its religious places and it is a major reason why tourists all over the world come to these places to visit them.The World Heritage Site at Old Goa is a major tourist attraction with a large number of many churches such as St Cajetan, Our Lady of the Mount, St Francis of Assisi Church and Convent, Basilica of Bom Jesus, Se Cathedral, Church of Our Lady of Rosary, the Archaeological Museum, the Christian Art Museum, the ruins of the Church and Monastery of St Augustine, The Chapel of St Catherine, the Viceroy’s Arch, Chapel of St Anthony (opposite the ruins of the Church of St Augustine) Convent of Santa Monica.Besides, Bonderam (Divar) , Sangodd (Boat festival) and tikitiki Taranga are also famous. Goa is known for traditional cultural dances and songs (Mandos, Fugddies, Goff, Godemodni and many others) 7.Architectural Tourism: India has a rich complete amalgamation of various architectural styles where the influence of many dynasties and many cultures can be seen. Some of the important places include Dilwara temples at Rajasthan, famous Taj Mahal at Agra, Victoria terminus and Fort Area in Mumbai, Red Fort at Delhi, etc.The hinterlands of Goa, far from the noise of the city, are perfect for yoga and meditations. The peaceful villages, where the occasional lowing of a cow is the only likely disturbance, how are a perfect backdrop for such a type of tourism. Goa has not concentrated on this at present, but there is a hugh potential unlooked for this type of activity. 9.Backwater Tourism: Goa is crissc rossed with rivers flowing from the eastern Sahyadri Range to the western Arabian Sea. extract From north to south, the following rivers, Tiracol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal and Talpona, flow windingly through villages and give financial support to the local economy, either for agriculture or for fishing.Sight seeing can be done from the water instead of the road. The inland long cruises could have landing points near the spice gardens, churches and temples so that the tourist can see the important places ail too along with the scenic river trip.

The microlevel impact of tourism on the destination area immediately around it has been relatively less studied, if at all. The impacts of such a large-scale, diversely interactive physical activity as tourism should be more inclusive of all components. Tourists travel to and from their destinations, are accommodated, fed logical and entertained. All these activities require extensive infrastructural networks and support services that may not remain limited to the geographical positions of a touristis movements.Improving environmental management and planning. 3. Increasing the environmental awareness. 4.For the purpose of this discussion, coastal waters, bays, backwaters, creeks, tidal inlets, and estuaries are considered as components of the marine part of the coastal zone. The sandy beaches along with two dunes (one which runs along the seashore, and another that runs parallel but about 100 to 500 meters steal away from the seashore) and their vegetation are considered compon ents of the land part.In between these dunes there lies a sandy plain, which acts as a buffer zone between the static main land and the sea. The following impacts on the marine part of the coastal zone have been observed while surveying the ecosensitive coastal areas of Goa.†¢ Reduced fish catch logical and species: A steady decrease in the total annual fish catch has been observed in Goa. The catch has declined from 105. 44 thousand pure tones in 1993-94 to 101. 90 in 1994-95 and in 1995-96, to 87.

b) Loss of spawning grounds: Reasons for this could be mangrove deforestation, land reclamations and siltation. Short-term economic gains from the development of these areas is obviously preferred over the long-term benefits of the conservation of ecology. c) Introduction of anthropogenic material: Any disturbance at any step in the marine food web may inadvertently affect other species. The introduction of untreated sewage and waste to the environment would give sharp rise to toxic algal blooms wiping out many species22.Prime examples are Campal and Caranzalem near Panaji, Palolem, Agonda and many other places, where a considerable amount of construction activities have occurred . 2. Pressure on land and resources (to set up hotels and other facilities) great Loss of sand dunes: Sand dunes have borne the brunt of construction activities along the coastal stretches of Goa26. Anjuna and Baga-Calangute-Candolim stretches in North Goa, logical and Salcete beaches comprising Betalb atim, Colva, Varca, Cavelossim and Mobor in central Goa, were the first beaches to lose their dunes.Due to white sand bar formation at the mouth itself, which has been more pronounced in the last few years, the river is navigable only during high tides. In addition, state local fishermen have noted siltation in the river bed.All these observations suggest disturbances in the natural sediment load dispersion patterns in the River Talpona. 4.Both the last mentioned problems could be solved through improved enforcement of regulations and infrastructual improvements. Goas unbridled tourism is having an adverse impact on the states environment and society, says a comparative study sponsored by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Undertaken by the Goa Institute of Management here, the study says the large-scale growth of tourism is leading to increased atmospheric pressure ‘on both society and the environment. Preserving the national heritage and reducing environmental degra dation have become crucial issues for concern.

Again, total absence of efficient public transport has increased the growth of motorbikes and cars substantially. This in turn has aggravated environmental pollution. ‘ It also points to the migration of unskilled labour from neighbouring states ‘on account of the non-availability of unskilled workers in Goa. Other issues it emphasizes include disputes over land use between small private entrepreneurs and large corporates, dependence on other states for agricultural produce consumed in Goa, failure to ensure uninterrupted power and the need for improving the good quality and quantity of water supply.Growth of tourism might have also adversely affected the poor and downtrodden, especially during peak season when prices usually go up. A proper accurate assessment needs to be done, the study states. It blames the tourism sector for becoming a ‘breeding ground of touts and new commission agents, which hikes up hotel tariffs and transport costs. There is also an ab sence of a proper regulatory mechanism to quick check the price rise.It is estimated that tourism contributes to around 13. 7 percent of Net State Domestic Product; 7 percent of employment and 7 percent to state tax revenues.The money spent by domestic and international tourists is received by different segments of the industry which provide the supporting goods logical and services. Tourist receipts can be classified into five categories: accommodation and food, shopping, internal travel, entertainment and miscellaneous items.Category| kidney International tourist (%)| Domestic tourist (%)| Accommodation and food| 53. 95| 58. 20| Shopping| 24. 84| 26.

80| Miscellaneous expenses| 4. 97| 2. 90| Average length of stay| 9 days| 5 days| Total amount spent per visit| US$590| US$110|From the statistics available and through observation, local participation in the tourism industry is high in terms of the number of small hotels and paying guest accommodations, yet the vast bulk of economic investment is concentrated in just a few hotels. Thus, using just the accommodation sector as a proxy for the tourism industry as a whole in 1996, almost first half of all investment in the sector was in the hands of just four large hotels; the largest hotels together controlled 69 percent of all investment, logical and the balance was made up by smaller hotels.Often large tourism development projects require the displacement of some of the original inhabitants of the area. Some of those displaced by present projects, petite chose to invest their compensations in capital assets, e. g. , taxis, and have become to a degree upwardly mobile in an econo mic sense.Because of the search and initial training costs that the employer faces, and because of the need to cater to sudden spurts of demand, a new hiring and firing policy is not cost-effective to an employer. The first reaction of employers is to keep labor, but reduce the work hours, a situation akin to holding inventories of labor in excess of demand.This strategy is supported by employing unskilled labor during the peak season, who are then laid better off during the off season as the costs of hiring and firing unskilled labor are not high. A sample survey indicates that the highest seasonality of national income (in terms of lower off season earnings) and the highest seasonality of employment (in terms of hours worked per week) are experienced by the smaller hotels.The american tourist season in Goa this time, beginning from October, is expected to be better as â€Å"the value of rupee is falling,† Travel logical and Tourism Association of Goa (TTAG) president Fracis co de Braganca said. Europeans find Goa a cheaper destination and naturally they will fly here,† he said, adding that, however, the situation is not same for the UK travellers, whose own economy is in crisis. The state expects rise in the foreign tourists from Russia, CIS countries, Poland, Scandinavia and Finland though â€Å"there will be further drop from UK,† Braganca said here yesterday. But, overall TTAG expects a rise in the number of tourists owing to the sluggish rupee versus dollar.

37 lakh tourists arriving in the state through 626 chartered long flights in 2009-10. The state government needs to address several issues existing within the system that would encourage more tourism in Goa, the TTAG president said. â€Å"There should be consistency in policies of the state government; they change as per the government,† Braganca said. Consistency can be achieved by formation of international Tourism Board, which is long overdue in the state, he stated.Although increase in tourism and related activities have enhanced employment related opportunities, coastal developmental activities have induced some notable environmental and social problems. The impact gets worsen as a result of related anthropogenic activities that follows such a coastal tourism as a result Goas coastal scenario is fast changing. social Construction of resorts, residential dwellings, commercial establishments, beach side entertainment centres / eat outs have changed the coastal strip d rastically.Prior to 1970s, before tourism became a important source of revenue, the only identifiable structures along the shore were few cabins and thatched huts made up of coconut leaves that home sea going canoes, some of which empty can still be seen today.Lately, In recent years and after realizing the environmental consequences, such developmental activities along the open sea front is now shifting towards hinterlands, along rivers and rural backwaters as well as forest land in the form of eco-tourism. -tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated unlooked for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the worlds natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the natural environment and sustains ; supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in.Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and for est life, thats what eco-tourism is all about.Whether its about a nature camp or organizing trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind logical not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth logical and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage how are the primary attractions.

Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, abundant Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians logical and Archaeologists, etc. Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth average rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11. % of all consumer spending – not a market to be taken lightly.The oceans how are not behind in any manner as well. The vast and deep expanse of water provide tremendous opportunity for adventure sports in form of diving and snorkelling. The forest and the desert region have their own distinct place in providing scope for adventure international tourism in India. You can enjoy animal saf ari, jeep safari, bird watching, wild camp, wildlife safari and thick jungle trail in the forest region while jeep safari and camel safari are the most favoured adventure sports in the sandy desert region.Sustainable tourism thus attempts to make minimal impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment unlooked for locals, as well as to promote the conservation of local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive.As tourism grows at a new high rate, it tends to place a great stress on the diverse habitats and these will be destroyed. Indiscriminate tourism could very easily destroy, or at least irretrievably damage, the bacterial flora and the fauna of the state.The stake holders in sustainable tourism i. e.Community-based management, nongovernmental organizations, tourists and locals all should be trained to see that the fragile Goan ecosystem does not suffer as a result of excessive tourism. Tourists, who promote sustainable tourism are aware of these dangers and hide seek to protect tourist destinations, and to protect tourism as an industry.