Business Research Methodologies Resit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Research Methodologies Resit - Essay Example Research Methodology Research Design Research Philosophy The research shall contain elements of both positivism and interpretivism. The interpretivism philosophy is quintessential to our understanding of how and why international students arrive at a preference for certain mobile phone over another in London. This research incorporates identifying and analyzing the factors behind mobile phone selection by international students in London which have not yet been discussed in the context of UK in various past studies. Since this requires significant level of involvement, the subjective element associated with interpretivism will remain dominant. At the same time, the lack of objectivity related with using the interpretivist approach makes it necessary to adopt a quantitative approach and positivist philosophy for the establishment of our research instrument. Research Approach An inductive approach shall be used to identify common factors behind choice of mobile phones in London by inte rnational students which shall be picked up from raw data with subsequent generalizations made for the entire group. Key factors shall be grouped into categories such as cost, availability etc. from raw data and theory shall be developed capturing those factors that are judged to be significant by the researcher. Since the nature of research is qualitative, multiple interpretations may be made from open-ended data obtained through focus groups. Therefore, the findings shall be in large part interpreted in the context of the researchers’ prior experience and/or assumptions. Research strategy Reflecting a blend of positivist and interpretivist approach in our research, a combination of research strategies shall be used including surveys and focus groups. While the surveys are a reflection of the positivist approach, focus groups are suggestive of an interpretivist approach. Inferences regarding the factors that affect choice of mobile phone by international students in the UK s hall be made and relationships between these factors shall be determined using quantitative techniques. Focus groups have been defined as a series of discussions that are systematically planned and that obtain target audience’s perceptions in a particular area of interest under an environment that is tolerant and â€Å"non-threatening† (Krueger & Casey, 2009). The focus groups shall enable the identification of open-ended, sub-conscious responses from the students that they would otherwise not reveal through direct questions. Projective techniques such as those using images of various types of mobile phones (flip cover, sliding, QWERTY keypad, big screen) shall be shown along with various brands including Samsung, Nokia, Apple, Blackberry and others. This exercise particularly attempts to unravel social motivations such as peer pressure in their new place of study as well as the effect of factors such as security (little/no thefts) and supporting infrastructure such as mobile hotspots and e-shopping that may not be available in the countries to which these foreigners belong. Data Collection As suggested earlier, data shall be collected using focus groups and surveys. The surveys shall include both interviews and questionnaires.

United States Gun Control Essay Example for Free

United States Gun Control Essay Firearms restriction, commonly known as gun control, is a hotly debated subject in and out of the political arena. Advocacy groups propose more restrictions, tighter restraints and harsher punishments for offenses. These proponents claim that violence stems from guns and gun owners, gun manufacturers and gun supporters are to blame. Opposition groups to gun control suggest that lesser restrictions, greater availability of different types of firearms and more moderate punishments should be put in place. History and Background A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be in fringed. This is the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. With this single sentence, laws, debates, fights and controversies have begun, ended and are still being fought. Gun control can be defined as government limitation of the purchase and ownership of firearms. In the early days of our country there was little gun control. Guns were used both as protection from Indian incursions as well as tools for hunting. It wasnt until 1934 with the National Firearms Act, passed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of automatic-fire weapons like machine guns, short-barreled shotguns and rifles, parts of guns like silencers, as  well as other gadget-type firearms hidden in canes.(Spitzer 141) This act came about from the lawlessness and rise of gangster culture during prohibition. The most controversial piece of legislation was passed in 1968. called the Gun Control Act, this act expanded licensing requirements to include more dealers, and more de tailed record keeping. Handgun sales over state lines were restricted, as well as the list of persons that dealers couldnt sell to grew to include those convicted of felonies (with some exceptions) mentally incompetent, or drug users.(Spitzer 142) The main purpose of the bill was to eliminate the sale of firearms through the mail, or mail-order guns. Up until this time, customers only had to sign a statement that they were over the age of 21 in order to purchase a handgun and 18 for rifle or shotgun. It wasnt until 1994 that the next two major pieces of gun restriction legislation were passed. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, simply the Brady Act, and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, commonly known as the assault-weapons ban. The Brady Act imposed a five day waiting period and mandatory background check before a licensed dealer could sell a handgun to a licensed customer. Also, there was the new FBI run National Instant Criminal Background Check System. This system was in place on Nov. 30, 1998 and applies to all firearm sales. It allowed background checks to be done over the phone or electronically with most results returned immediately. Spitzer describes the Assault-Weapons Ban being passed in order to ban the manufacture, possession, and importation of new semiautomatic assault weapons and large-capacity ammunition feeding devices.(152) This means that a large number of semi-automatic rifles were prohibited along with magazines that held over 30 rounds of ammunition. Finally it prohibited juveniles from possessing or selling handguns. In 2002 the Justice Department, under Attorney General John Ashcroft, indicated that it interpreted the Second Amendment as supporting the rights of individuals to possess and bear arms for protection as well as recreation and collection.(Norquist 1) the history of gun control is long and complicated, with recent tendencies swinigin toward more relaxed controls. Pro-Gun Control In recent years, gun control activists, that is, those in favor of more restrictions, have grown and been favored by the media. Some of these groups include handgun Control, Inc., the National Coalition to Ban Handguns, the Brady Campaign to Prevent Violence, the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, Mothers Against Violence in America and the international Stop Handgun Violence.(Carter 75) With increasing media attention with more and more school shootings, proponents of gun control legislation have often held that only federal laws can be effective. If not, states with few restrictions will continue to be sources of guns that flow illegally into states with more restrictions. These groups believe that the Second Amendment is obsolete, or is intended solely to guard against suppression of state militias by the central government. They ask why a private citizen needs any firearm that is not designed primarily for hunting or other recognized sporting purposes. One mans answer to this question was There is no tradition of civilians owning assault-type guns'(Edel 75) while another man states after much thought, I can see no justification for me or others like me to own a paramilitary assault rifle.(Edel 76) Many proponents of firearm restrictions have advocated policy changes on specific types of firearms or components that appear to be useful primarily for criminal purposes or purposes that pose unusual risks to the public. Fully automatic firearms and short-barreled rifles and shotguns have been subject to strict regulation since 1934. Fully automatic firearms have been banned from private possession since 1986, except for those legally owned and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury on May 19, 1986, the day the ban was passed.(Spitzer 139) The proponents of gun control have presented a strong and sol id case. Many firmly believe that guns should be banned throughout the country. Anti-Gun Control Opponents of gun control vary in their positions with respect to specific forms of control. Generally, they hold that gun control laws do not accomplish what is intended. Many argue that it is as difficult to keep weapons from being acquired by high risk individuals, even under federal laws and strict enforcement. In their view, a more stringent federal firearm  regulatory system would only create problems for law-abiding citizens, bring mounting frustration and escalation of bans by gun regulators, and possibly threaten citizens civil rights or safety. The group leading the battle against gun control is the National Rifle Association, or the NRA. The NRA started as an organization to promote the practice of target shooting. After World War II, while the social outlook on firearms became increasingly negative, the NRA focused its energies on anti-gun control. Using their newly formed ILA (Institute for Legislative Action) the NRA lobbied politicians and inundated the media with literature and facts about the Second Amendment and how those rights were being infringed. Gun control opponents also reject the assumption that the only legitimate purpose of ownership by a private citizen is recreational. (i. e., hunting and target-shooting)(Carter 81) Carter also points out that those opponents insist on the continuing need of people for effective means to defend person and property, and they point to studies that they believe show that gun possession lowers the incidence of crime.(85) Andrews sums up the difference in stance between Red (Republican and pro-gun) and Blue (Democrat and anti-gun) States. He says [t]his is why the Second Amendment is so bothersome to Blue America. The right to bear arms is the right to take a stand, to act on the belief that you are right and someone else is wrong, and as such it is a threat to the amoral collectivism that the New Left embodies.(2) Here, Andrews explains that many anti-gun control activists view the issue from a moral standpoint where the gun control advocates view the issue from an incorrect interests viewpoint. Some opponents believe further that the Second Amendment includes a right to keep arms as a defense against potential government tyranny, pointing to examples in other countries of the use of firearm restrictions to curb dissent and secure illegitimate government power. Whatever the case, the peoples leading the fight against the control and legislation against guns carry on and never give up. They believe morally and strongly that gun control is much too restrictive and infringes upon rights given them by the Constitution. Summary The debate over gun control has been hard fought and intense. To gun control  advocates, the opposition is out of touch with the times, misinterprets the Second Amendment, or is lacking in concern for the problems of crime and violence. To gun control opponents, advocates are naive in their faith in the power of regulation to solve social problems, bent on disarming the American citizen for ideological or social reasons, or moved by irrational hostility to firearms and gun enthusiasts. Guns dont kill people, people kill people.(NRA Slogan, 1980-Present) Works Cited Andrews, Ned. Why Guns Matter. The American Enterprise 01 Sep. 2002: 9+. Bijlefeld, Marjolijn. People For and Against Gun Control. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. Carter, Gregg Lee. The Gun Control Movement. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997 Cothran, Helen, ed. Opposing Viewpoints: Gun Control. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Edel, Wilbur. Gun Control: Threat to Liberty or Defense Against Anarchy. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1995. LaPierre, Wayne R. Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1994. Norquist, Grover. Lesons of the Fall. The American Enterprise 01 Jan. 2003: 13. Spitzer, Robert J. The Politics of Gun Control. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995. The Definition of an Issue: United States Gun Control

Voice in Writing Essay -- Writing Write Education Papers

Voice in Writing There are many different forms and styles used in writing. Writing is a form of communication that is used to document and express ideas people have. Through the years as people grow and learn knew ways of writing, writing awareness of a person will evolve into a much higher level of thinking. From the first term paper a person writes in high school to the papers they hand in at the college level, the writing will have matured over the years. The authors of writing develop new and more sophisticated ways in expressing themselves through the words they use in writing. Throughout history writers have found ways in which they can achieve the goals of gaining the readers attention and keep them interested. A good form of literature doesn't just write out on paper by itself, much preparation and ideas need to be worked out before it is finished. An author can improve his or her writing by giving thought to different ways of expressing their writing. One way of improving their writing is b y using voice. Voice can offer writers different ways of explaining their thoughts. The voice the author gives to the writing is one of the most important ways writers can express what they want the reader to hear in the paper. There are many different styles of voice a author can choose from to use in his or her writing. Whether it is fiction or nonfiction, voice gives the reader a sense of who is talking. Voice can also be important in the explanation of the subject matter the author is trying to get across to the reader. By choosing a particular voice to explain a certain subject the reader may correspond better to that voice and understand what the writer is saying. The voice the author chooses should fit with the writing,... ...d in schools. This could be one explanation why so many students find them boring to read. Without voice there is no emotion shown by the writer about the subject presented. Without any voice in the writing, the reader can have a hard time finding the material interesting. In order to find it interesting the reader needs to find the subject interesting. Voice usually is not used in texts because the voice can influence the reader and not present just the facts. Voice can be a very important feature in writing. Voice can be used by writers to give their writing more meaning. Voice can have influence over the reader, which can make it useful for the writer. Voice can be represented in many ways and gives the writer different options of its usage. If a writer has not worked with voice before in his or her writing, it maybe to their advantage to experiment with it. Voice in Writing Essay -- Writing Write Education Papers Voice in Writing There are many different forms and styles used in writing. Writing is a form of communication that is used to document and express ideas people have. Through the years as people grow and learn knew ways of writing, writing awareness of a person will evolve into a much higher level of thinking. From the first term paper a person writes in high school to the papers they hand in at the college level, the writing will have matured over the years. The authors of writing develop new and more sophisticated ways in expressing themselves through the words they use in writing. Throughout history writers have found ways in which they can achieve the goals of gaining the readers attention and keep them interested. A good form of literature doesn't just write out on paper by itself, much preparation and ideas need to be worked out before it is finished. An author can improve his or her writing by giving thought to different ways of expressing their writing. One way of improving their writing is b y using voice. Voice can offer writers different ways of explaining their thoughts. The voice the author gives to the writing is one of the most important ways writers can express what they want the reader to hear in the paper. There are many different styles of voice a author can choose from to use in his or her writing. Whether it is fiction or nonfiction, voice gives the reader a sense of who is talking. Voice can also be important in the explanation of the subject matter the author is trying to get across to the reader. By choosing a particular voice to explain a certain subject the reader may correspond better to that voice and understand what the writer is saying. The voice the author chooses should fit with the writing,... ...d in schools. This could be one explanation why so many students find them boring to read. Without voice there is no emotion shown by the writer about the subject presented. Without any voice in the writing, the reader can have a hard time finding the material interesting. In order to find it interesting the reader needs to find the subject interesting. Voice usually is not used in texts because the voice can influence the reader and not present just the facts. Voice can be a very important feature in writing. Voice can be used by writers to give their writing more meaning. Voice can have influence over the reader, which can make it useful for the writer. Voice can be represented in many ways and gives the writer different options of its usage. If a writer has not worked with voice before in his or her writing, it maybe to their advantage to experiment with it.

Risk and Quality Management

Risk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Kelly Hennessey HCS/451 02/18/2012 Lauri Rose Risk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is located in Spring Hill Florida. The center has been serving Hernando County for over 25 years. Services that the center offers are: Post-acute services, Rehabilitative services, skilled nursing, Short and long term care through physical, occupational and speech therapists. The mission of Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is to provide comprehensive services to meet the care of the residents and patients.They strive to meet customer satisfaction daily and follow core values to obtain excellence in care. Risk management serves to protect patients and staff members by reducing medical errors, remaining up to date with state and federal regulations. As well risk management protects staff and patients by eliminating hazards within the organization. Quality management serves the purpose to ensure that patients are receiving the best care available. In the organization Evergreen Woods risk and quality management plays the same role as it does in any other health care organization.Being that this center is an in-patient facility serving many different patients with many different health issues there are many different risks involved in the daily operation of the organization. Key concepts of risk and quality management within Evergreen Woods rehab while are undefined to the public it is noticeable to any person that is involved in the organization whether it be a patient, family member or a staff member. The organization takes steps daily to ensure the safety and wellbeing of every person that walks in their doors.The doctors and nurses take extra steps to make sure that the residents and their family is comfortable with the choice they made in selecting them. The keep patients and families up to date on all issues that are transpiring with the patient whether it is health related or financial. The staff stays up to date on all regulations both state and federal to ensure the best quality of care is being received. The organization maintains a clean and hazard free environment. Steps that the organization can take to identify and manage their risks are Proper documentation, risk assessments and proper training of staff members.In order to manage the risk of medical errors the organization should make sure that all staff members are documenting the patient’s charts in the proper legal manner. As well the management should be making sure that there are properly documenting all information pertaining to the employees such attendance and job performance. Using risk assessments can keep the organization from ruling into issues concerning safety and financial risks. Performing assessments will allow management to see where forms of risk fall and what kind of risks is a possibility for the organization.After performing risk assessments the org anization can then develop plans to minimize risk and maintain a safe efficiently running organization. Typical risks in a long term care facility such as Evergreen woods would be patient fall risk, injury to staff and patients due to improper transferring and financial risk due to insurance issues for both the organization and the patient. Since many patients in long term care facilities are ones that have mobility issues there is always a risk of falling which can further injure the patient.It is important for staff to make sure that the patient is labeled a fall risk and that necessary precautions are made to ensure the patients safety. Using items such as safety belts in wheelchairs and during therapy sessions can eliminate this risk. Another risk would be injury to staff and patients due to improper lifting, while this does not seem like something that is too difficult to do it is. Lifting a person with limited or no mobility can be very difficult for both the staff and the pat ient. There is a proper way to lift a patient and any and all staff members should be properly trained before being allowed to perform this task.The last risk would be financial issues due to insurance issues. â€Å"Of 10 million Americans nearly 7 million of them being over 65 rely on some level of assisted care† (Weston 2012). This number does not include the number of people that are under the age of 65. Many people that rely on long term care live on disability or social security. These people are living on extremely limited income put them and their families in mental distress trying to figure out how to pay for the needed care. â€Å"Medicare provides only 100 days of care following hospitalization† (Weston 2012).After the 100 days it then becomes the responsibility of the patient to either pay out of their pocket or use a supplemental insurance. For many this is an issue as they do not have any other insurance nor do they have the finances to afford this care on their own. With patients under Medicaid insurance there is still an issue â€Å"Medicaid provides long term care, but only after a patient has deplete his/her finances† (Weston 2012). So how does this affect the organization itself, now with lack of insurance you run the risk of not being paid for services already rendered.The other risk involved is that if a patient is unable to pay for the care themselves then they have to resort to other means of care, now the organization has empty beds. Empty beds mean that there is not a high need for staff members resulting in layoffs. All of these risks can in fact the quality negatively. The lack of funds causes the staff to not always give the best care to each patient. Injury to staff can cause the staff to become nervous when it comes to lifting patients as well it can make the patients not want to be lift in fear of being hurt cause them to lay for longer periods of time then they should.Any and all accidently injuries to a pati ent can in fact be seen as neglect by family members and could cause serious legal issues for all staff of the organization. While there are many internal and external risk in this organization the biggest risks internally would be lack of staff involvement, lack of funding and poor risk management. The care received by patients relies strongly on the doctors and nurses employed by the organization. If the staff is afraid or care not to voice their opinions and concerns this can cause a lack of quality care.When the staff does not feel that their needs matter they tend to not try their best this often leads to medical errors. Lack of funding to the organization cause the organization to cut corners, this in return hinders the care that the organization can give to patients. Funding is a big part of how an organization runs daily. If funding is low then the organization cannot hire top nurses and doctors nor can they provide state of the art equipment. Poor risk management is probabl y one of the most important.Without excellent risk management the organization puts not only the organizations name but the staff and patients in danger of physical and medical harm. As well poor risk management can bring legal problems to the organization. External risks that influence quality would be impact of regulations, Changes in insurance, Society changes. As the regulations change through the years it will begin to make the way that long term care facilities run. They will need to stay on top of the regulations as well as stay on top of the staff to make sure that they understand the impact that errors can cause. Nursing homes incur costs when they are required to make changes to comply with the regulations† (Walshe n. a). Interference from the insurance company on what will and will not be covered will also cause problems with the care that is received by patients. As society changes the need for long term care will change, the needs now will not necessarily be the n eeds in 10 years. As changes occur within research we will see a big change in treatment this will in return call for more training as well as equipment changes. The organization Evergreen woods works daily to achieve goals within the organization.Their short term goals are excellent daily care of patients. This goal not only touches the health aspect of the patient but also the emotional health of a patient. While staying on top of each and every patient’s health issues they make time to check on each patient on a personal level. The organization strives to make sure that the families of the patients are happy with the care that the patient is receiving. For patients that are there rehab from an injury their short term goal is to get the patient well enough to go home and continue without patient treatment.Long term goals for the organization is to continue to be a leader in rehab services, to continue to serve the community with quality trusted care. In order to ensure qual ity care the three policies that the organization should put into effect would be monthly risk assessments, monthly staff training and patient surveys. All of these policies would help ensure that the organization is doing everything that they possible can do to provide excellent quality care. Risk management and quality management have a strong relationship with each other.Without risk management there would be no quality care, and without excellent quality there would be risks everywhere in an organization. In order for an organization to run properly and provide all the patients with the care they deserve they have to have strong risk and quality management. References: http://content. healthaffairs. org/content/20/6/128. full A guideline for quality accreditation in hospitals. Quality Digest. Agarwal, R. (2010, May 19). www. http://evergreenwoodshealthandrehab. com/

State Farm Advertising Analysis

Today, advertising is as much a part of our lives as breathing. Whether we’re driving, listening to the radio, or watching T. V we are constantly being bombarded by thousands of companies telling us why we should buy their products or services. Some advertisements prove to be effective, while others can be easily dismissed. One very popular industry in advertisement is auto insurance. Every year companies like Geico, State Farm, and All State invest millions of dollars, hoping to convince audiences that their service is better than their competitors.Because auto insurance is a requirement for every single individual who owns a vehicle it is a very competitive market where various ad campaigns can be found. State Farm stands out amongst these companies with their creative incorporation's of Aristotle's rhetorical techniques to capture their audience and deliver their message of reliable service. Among the many ad campaigns created by the company one of the most memorable is the ir â€Å"magic jingle† campaign. The commercials feature customers in various inconvenient scenarios where an insurance agent may be needed.The customers then proceed to sing the â€Å"magic jingle† (like a good neighbor State Farm is there†¦) and an insurance agent will magically appear to help resolve their issue, along with other ridiculous requests. While the granting of these ridiculous requests make the ads humorous; therefore, memorable, they emphasize what the company feels is their advantage over their competitors: immediate and excellent service. In one of these commercials, two young men are sitting in their car in what appears to be the middle of nowhere, eating burgers when they are suddenly attacked by a herd of buffalo.In desperation, the passenger asks his friend to do the jingle and after doing so an agent appears in the car and proceeds to say: â€Å"like a good neighbor State Farm is there†¦In my office! † Immediately the three men a re zapped into the man’s office and there are sighs of relief. The ad is directed towards young men, a clever move, because young men are often the ones who find themselves in desperate situations while driving. The immediate response from singing the jingle which made the agent appear followed by his immediate action to lead the young men to safety emphasizes State Farm’s motto of immediate and excellent service.The humor used in delivering this message introduces the use of pathos, or emotion, which help in making it memorable. Pathos is also reinforced with the sighs of relief released by the young men; emphasizing the fact that with State Farm’s reliability you can count on being stress free. The concept of ethos, or image is also present in the commercial with the professional attire on the agent as well as the professional setting when they are zapped into his office. The well put together, professional setting, with employees to match increases the compan y's credibility.While the scenario is unlikely and there are clear fictional aspects to the commercial, the use of pathos in the humor and relief makes it very memorable and the point is very clearly put across: if you ever find yourself in a desperate situation, you can count on your State Farm agent to get it resolved. Another â€Å"magic jingle† commercial that helps emphasize the company’s great service features a young woman, along with two of her friends who finds the side of her car completely scratched. Unlike the instance with the buffalo, the woman remains completely calm and recites the magic jingle.An agent suddenly appears and once her friends see that reciting the jingle can make anything appear, they too recite it and make the perfect man appear on top of the car. As in the previous example, the commercial emphasizes State Farm’s reliability. This time however, there is no desperation because the young woman is so certain that her agent will get t hings resolved. Just like the previous commercial, the ad uses pathos to convince their audience, assuring them that State Farm will allow them to be stress free.The granting of the friends wishes for the perfect man helps to reinforce the aspect of great service because it represents the company’s ability to go above and beyond for their customers. Again, pathos is presented through humor, making the ad memorable and reinforcing the company’s point: when you have State Farm there is no need for desperation because they have you covered. Ethos is also once again reinforced through the agent's professional attire, creating an ethical image for the company. The next memorable ad in the campaign takes a different twist, because rather than promoting auto insurance, it promotes home insurance.In this scenario, a group of young men are sitting at home when a baseball suddenly breaks through the homeowner’s window. As his friends begin to freak out, the homeowner main tains the same relaxed attitude as the female from the previous example and recites the magic jingle. Seeing his friends in shock as an agent magically appears he encourages them to recite the jingle and make a request, which they follow by asking for a sandwich, a pretty girl, and a hot tub. Once again, pathos is used with the ridiculous requests show the company’s willingness to go above and beyond for their customers.The owner’s relaxed attitude show’s that State Farm customers are at ease because they know they can trust their agent to get things done. This ad also helps to show that the company has various types of insurance to offer and that they are all as reliable as their auto insurance. Overall, State Farm’s magic jingle campaign is successful because not only do its use of humor and repetitive use of the jingle make it memorable, but they also find clever ways to remind viewers of the company’s reliability.This successfully incorporates the use of pathos, making it easy to convince viewers that if they join the company they will feel just as relaxed as the people in their commercial. They also touch upon ethos with the presentation of their agents who are always in professional attire. This reminds viewers that despite the goofy nature of their advertisements they are still a serious and professional company. The campaign also successfully incorporates the various services the company has to offer and the fact that they are just as reliable and professional as the auto insurance.

Filipinos Are The Asian Primos of Latinos Professor Ramos Blog

Filipinos Are The Asian Primos of Latinos Link: https://www.theodysseyonline.com/dear-filipinos-hispanic-latino-southeast-asian To this day, people of Filipino and Mexican backgrounds have similar cultures in a way. They are seen and heard through their language, their attitudes, and their culture seen in television, media, food, and religious faiths. But while that may be, the similarity of the culture and background between Filipinos and Mexicans shows a connection between the two based on some factors. One being that the Filipinos had a connection with the Spaniards during the time when the Spaniards took over the Philippines, the revolutionary war between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, the pronunciation of certain words in the Tagalog and Spanish language, and the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs that are shared between Filipinos and Mexicans. Link: https://www.buzzfeed.com/kevinnadal/fil-am-history-facts Contents: The Philippine Revolution1900s to 1940s The U.S. Immigration of Filipinos and World War IIFilipinos in the 1960s, 1970s, and NowBehavior, Culture, Language, and Other Similarities Shared Between Filipinos and LatinosA Summary and ConclusionAnnotated Bibliography 1. The Philippine Revolution In the late 1590’s, the Spaniards began their rule in the Philippines. During those times, the Spaniards influenced the Filipinos with their culture, especially with the religion of the Roman-Catholic faith. But as it may be, the Filipinos saw the abuse of power within the colonial rule of the Spanish. When tensions between the Spaniards and the Filipinos were strains due to the Spaniard’s abuse of power, the Filipino clergy saw nothing but corruption of â€Å"the Spanish monopoly of the Roman Catholic church† (â€Å"Philippine Revolution† 1). In the year 1872, there came the Cavite Mutiny. The Cavite Mutiny was a day that was meant for the deaths of three Filipino priests - Josà © Burgos, Mariano Gà ³mez, and Jacinto Zamora. With their deaths, this gave the Filipinos â€Å"an excuse for renewed Spanish repression† (1). In other words, it was the time for the Filipinos to rise up against the Spaniards for the oppression they had faced while unde r their rule. In due time, rebellions were created against the Spaniards with â€Å"a wave of anti-Spanish sentiment† (1). Filipinos during the Philippine Revolution. (Link: https://www.batangashistory.date/2018/03/blanco.html As the Philippine Revolution was rising, there came significant figures that lead the way for Filipino independence. In order to highly motivate the Filipinos to fight for Filipino independence, a significant figure by the name of Dr. Josà © Rizal showed the Filipinos the â€Å"corruption of the Manila Spanish society† (â€Å"Philippine Revolution† 2). After Rizal was captured and executed by the Spaniards, the mantle of leadership was passed onto Emilio Aguinaldo. Although his leadership skills were moot which resulted in the Spaniards dominating the rebellion and Aguinaldo and his forces faced exile. But in 1898, the U.S. intervened and the Spanish were pushed back and the colonial rule of the Spaniards in the Philippines had dissolved. After a certain period, the Filipinos later fought for independence against the U.S. but later lost. From this, Aguinaldo called for all Filipinos to â€Å"cease fighting and accept U.S. sovereignty† (2). Left: Josà © Rizal (Link: https://www.batangashistory.date/2018/03/blanco.html) Right: Emilio Aguinaldo (Link: bayaniart.com/emilio-aguinaldo/emilio-aguinaldo-2/) 2. 1900s to 1940s - The U.S. Immigration of Filipinos and World War II After the war between the United States and the Philippines, the Philippines was one of the colonies under the rule of the United States. This is specifically due to the â€Å"cultural Americanization of the Philippine population† (Becker et al. 4). Since then, the Filipino immigration rates to the U.S. was increasing at a meager rate. At that time, Filipinos came to Hawaii to work at its sugar plantations; Alaska working as fishermen catching salmon; and California working in its agricultural fields. When World War II was came, the Philippines became allies with the U.S. in the fight against the Japanese. In turn, some Filipinos who served during World War II were rewarded the chance to immigrate to the U.S. for their dedication in working with the United States and fighting against the Japanese. In 1946, more than 100,000 Filipinos (Roces 3) migrated to the United States. Filipinos during World War II. They are preparing for the war in Luzon, Philippines. (Link: https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/guerrilla-war-on-luzon-during-world-war-ii/) Prior to World War II, the Filipinos that migrated to the United States were mostly consisted of males. From this, it meant that they were barred from marrying white females (Roces 3) due to laws that prevented Filipinos from starting an interracial marriage and family. This resulted in Filipino males marrying a woman of a different race in order to start a family. Those laws that barred them from doing so were later dissolved after World War II. Although, the flow of Filipino immigrants coming to the United States came to a halt due to the Luce-Celler Act of 1946. But after 44 years, the immigration rate for Filipinos coming to the United States rose up once again when the Immigration Act of 1990 was passed. At that point in 1946, the colonization of the U.S. in the Philippines that happened after the Philippine-American War later brought in â€Å"the era of globalization† (Becker et. al 3). In other words, a significant influence of Filipinos soon came to the United States once the war was over. Left: Filipino-Americans living their lives in Hollywood during the 1940s. (Link: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/85005511695320517/) Right: A Filipino family during the 1990s. (Link: https://www.tenement.org/blog/hyphenated-and-good-filipino-american-heritage-month/) 3. Filipinos in the 1960s, 1970s, and Now Twenty years after World War II and after the immigration rates of Filipinos had significantly dropped, Filipinos faced high rates of hate and racism along with the Mexicans who did so. In time, those Filipinos were a part of the Civil Rights Movement and began to combat against racism and oppression. A specific example would be the Filipinos that faced the same racism that the Mexicans did in Delano, California over the lower wages that they received. Soon, they too were a part of the Civil Rights Movement and fought back against the oppression they faced. In the 1980s, the population of Filipinos in the United States increased due to two factors: one factor being that Filipinos migrated to a different country, then migrated to the United States under their citizenship of the country they migrated to prior to coming to the United States. Then, in the 1990s, the rate of immigration between the Philippines and the United States increased once the Immigration Act of 1990 was passed. W ith that, the Filipino population in the United States increased. Today, there is a total of â€Å"over 3 million Filipinos in the United States† (Roces 4). Left: Larry Itliong, leader of the AFL-CIO. Middle: Filipino farm workers protesting.Right: A Filipino protestor.(Link: https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/09/16/440861458/grapes-of-wrath-the-forgotten-filipinos-who-led-a-farmworker-revolution) During the Delano Grape Strike in the 1960s to the 1970s, Larry Itliong made history with his alliance and connection to the Latinos that protested during the Delano Grape Strike by working alongside with Cesar Chavez and leading the Filipino farm workers to equal civil rights and an end to the discrimination that the Filipino and Latino workers faced in Delano. Itliong was the head of the AFL-CIO - Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee - and the co-founder of the NFWA - National Farm Workers Association. In one moment that was recalled by a certain individual during his youth, his father participated in a meeting called by Itliong. According to Guillermo, he stated from that individual account, â€Å"He recalled watching his father, Bob a Filipino laborer make the motion to strike in the meeting called by Iltiong, then the head of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AFL-CIO)† (3). From this meeting that was called upon by Itliong, they started their prote sts which soon caught the attention of Cesar Chavez. At that point, Itliong and the NFWA soon made an alliance with Cesar Chavez and later created the United Farm Workers Union. From this collusion, this event â€Å"brought together Filipinos and Mexicans,† (Guillermo 5) and made the protest movement a greater force against their oppressors. Cesar Chavez, left, and Larry Itliong, right. (Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/us/larry-itliong-forgotten-filipino-labor-leader.html) 4. Behavior, Culture, Language, and Other Similarities Shared Between Filipinos and Latinos As it may be, there is a connection between Filipinos and Latinos on some levels. One shared factor is that â€Å"80% of U.S. immigrants migrate from Asian Pacific or Latin American countries† (Tseng and Fuligni 2). Another factor being that there is a conflict in some Latino and Filipino families in which children and adolescents would get into conflicts due to the usage of English in conversations between family members. According to Tseng and Fuligni, it is shown that â€Å"adolescents who preferred English and who were less proficient in their parents’ native Spanish or Asian Pacific languages also reported greater conflict with their parents† (4). On the contrary, there are some Latino and Filipino families that have no conflicts over the usage between their native language and English. This is the case for that type of family since those types of parents â€Å"have close relationships with their English-speaking children† (5). According to a study b y Tseng and Fuligni, there is a balance between the Filipino and Latino families that speak both their native language and English. Specifically, 20% percent of Filipinos and 21% of Mexicans speak both of their native languages and English. (Tseng and Fuligni 16). Another connecting factor between Filipinos and Latinos are the words that are shared in the Spanish language. Specifically, both sides share the same pronunciation in numbers, foods, and other words. The only different being how their spelled. For example, calle (â€Å"street† in Spanish) would translate to kalye in Tagalog; sayote - an edible vegetable - would translate to chayote in Tagolog. In terms of grammar and spelling, an example from Tagolog is the word gusto which has the same roots as the Spanish verb gustar which means â€Å"to like†. The only difference between Tagolog and Spanish is how they’re used based on grammar and spelling. According to Erazo, the mix of Spanish and Tagalog resulted in the idea of Filipino Spanish which â€Å"contains many Mexican Spanish words of Nahuatl† (4). The Catholic is shared by both Filipinos and Latinos alike. The reason being that â€Å"Filipinos and Latinos really love baby Jesus† (8). Finally, th ere are some last common last names shared between Filipinos and Mexicans - Santos, Reyes, Cruz, Garcia, Mendoza (Erazo 8), and other last names. An example of a Mexican-Filipino family would be the Latino popstar and singer, Enrique Iglesias (left), whose mom, Isabel Preslyer, is a Filipina (middle) and dad, Julio Iglesias Sr., is of Spanish descent (right). Left photo: https://nycmonthly.com/article/concert-spotlight-interview-with-enrique-iglesias/ Middle photo: http://ethnicelebs.com/isabel-preysler Right photo: https://compareceleb.com/388-julio-iglesias-sr.html 5. A Summary and Conclusion From the late 1590s, the Spanish colonized the islands of the Philippines and later created the Asian versions of themselves - Filipinos. That being said, the influence of the Philippines was became another version of Spain which was later colonized by the United States after two revolutionary wars. In turn, the presence of Filipinos in the United States rose once some people made their way through to the United States. But after World War II and the 1990’s, Filipinos made themselves more known in the United States and show to the Latinos that were present in the United States as well. Today, the connection between Filipinos and Latinos still grows because of the Spanish colonization and American colonization. 6. Annotated Bibliography Becker, Gay, et al. â€Å"IMMIGRATING FOR STATUS IN LATE LIFE: Effects of Globalization on Filipino American Veterans.† 3rd ed., vol. 14, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., Sep. 2000. EBSCO Host, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=3663243site=ehost-live. Accessed 24 March 2019. The authors bring the readers statistics and and summaries of Filipino veterans that immigrated to the US after World War II. That being said, Becker and the following authors will mention how lives were for the Filipinos ever since they immigrated to the US; what they had done during their time here in the US; and much more. This source will be used to show what Filipino veterans had done ever since they immigrated to the US and lived their lives here. Moreover, I will use this source to prove a connection between Filipinos and Mexicans. Gay Becker and the following authors are all professors from the University of California, San Francisco. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Philippine Revolution.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 5 Aug. 2016, www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-Revolution. Accessed 17 March 2019. This article summarizes the whole story of the Philippine Revolution and how the Philippines came to be under the colonial rule of the Spanish and the rule of the United States afterwards. Specifically, the article mentions critical events and figures that led up the Philippine Revolution, such as the Cavite Mutiny, Dr. Jose Rizal, and other topics. This article will be used to discuss the history between the Filipinos and the Latinos in the late 1590s, how the Spanish culture came to terms with the Philippines and its inhabitants, and what exactly made the Filipinos what they are based on their culture and background. The Britannica has been the major hub for historical topics and figures by giving a summary of those topics. Erazo, Vanessa. â€Å"10 Reasons Why Latinos and Filipinos Are Primos.† Remezcla, 2015, remezcla.com/lists/culture/film-10-reasons-why-latinos-and-filipinos-are-primos/. Accessed 17 March 2019. Vanessa Erazo gives a quick rundown and correlation to why Filipinos are the Asian counterparts of Latinos. In doing so, she compares Filipinos to Latinos based on the language, religion, food, culture, and other factors that are shared between the two. This source is used to better support the connection between Filipinos and Latinos and explain why they are connected. Vanessa Erazo is a film and TV Editor for Remezcla - a news hub for entertainment and media regarding Latinos in films, television, music, and social media. Guillermo, Emil. â€Å"Eclipsed by Cesar Chavez, Larry Itliongs Story Now Emerges.† NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 8 Sept. 2015, www.nbcnews.com/news/ asian-america/eclipsed-cesar-chavez-larry-itliongs-story-now-emerges-n423336. Accessed 24 March 2019. Emil Guillermo raises the history and persona of Larry Itliong, a leader for the Filipino farm workers who protested for the same goal that Cesar Chavez wanted for him and the Mexican farm workers - equal civil rights and higher pay. With the accounts of few people who saw Itliong firsthand, Guillermo used those accounts to show what they saw and how those events led up to the formation of the United Farm Workers Union. This article will be used to discuss and give evidence about Filipinos in the 1960s and 1970s and their connection to the Latinos by talking about Itliong’s actions in the Delano Grape Strike. Emil Guillermo graduated from Harvard University and is a journalist and commentator. Roces, Mina. â€Å"Filipina/o Migration to the United States and the Remaking of Gender Narratives, 1906-2010.† 1st ed., vol. 27, Wiley-Blackwell, Apr. 2015. EBSCO Host, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=101556321site=ehost-live. Accessed 24 March 2019. Mina Roces talks about how feminism has evolved over time for the Filipinas. She talks about how religion has been the foundation for all Filipinas as well as what has changed for them. This is source is only used to mention the history of the Filipinos in the United States. Mina Roces is a professor at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. She received her PhD from the University of Michigan. Vivian Tseng, and Andrew J. Fuligni. â€Å"Parent-Adolescent Language Use and Relationships Among Immigrant Families With East Asian, Filipino, and Latin American Backgrounds.† 2nd ed., vol. 62, May 2000. EBSCO Host, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=3162481site=ehost-live. Accessed 24 March 2019. The authors Tseng and Fuligni mention the observations of the behavior of Latino and Asian families. In a sense, there is a correlation as to how youths would interact with their parents based on the connections to their cultural background. This source will be used to correlate the connection as to how similar Mexican and Filipino families interact. Tseng is a professor from UCLA and Fuligni is from the William T. Grant foundation.

How to Get the Best Letter of Recommendation for Scholarships

How to Get the Best Letter of Recommendation for Scholarships SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Scholarships are competitive. They represent an investment in you as a student and your commitment to pursuing your goals in college. Donors want to make sure you're putting their money where your mouth is, so to speak. In order to earn a scholarship, applicants should give committees a clear sense of who they are, what their plans are, and how motivated they are to achieve them. Letters of recommendation for scholarships can go a long way toward testifying to a student's past achievements and potential for future success. Let's take a more in depth look at what purpose recommendation letters serve in the scholarship application process. What's the Purpose of Recommendation Letters for Scholarships? Scholarships are often awarded to a specific type of student with specific goals. They might be merit-based and awarded for achievement in science, writing, or math. Others support a special talent in athletics, music, or art.Whatever the focus, most scholarships are looking for something distinct. Letters of recommendation can go a long way toward reinforcing a student's unique story and testifying to her special talent or commitment. If the scholarship committee is looking for the next great violinist at Carnegie Hall, then the recommendation can speak to the student's singular commitment to daily violin practice and her moving solo concerts at school.Letters of rec can both validate and add further dimension to the story a student is telling the scholarship committee. Recommendation letters also show that the student has teachers, counselors, or other people in her life who are excited to advocate for her. Glowing reference letters show that others believe in her past and future accomplishments. They also hint that a student will be similarly successful at connecting with professors at college and making the most out of the opportunities that are available in and out of the classroom. Finally, strong reference letters help a student come to life as a 3-dimensional person in the eyes of a scholarship committee. While students may have similar resumes, recommendations can helpdifferentiate students and illuminate their unique character and personality.While resumes list what a student has done in the past few years, recommendation letters describe how a student conducts herself and what passions and motivations drive her actions. The best person to communicate all this knows the student well and has the writing skills and time to handcraft an eloquent statement of support. If you're a student applying for a scholarship, how can you choose the right person(s) to take on this important task? Choose wisely. Choosing Your Recommender First and foremost, you have to know the requirements of the scholarship. Do they want to see recommendations from a teacher? A counselor? A friend? Do they want one recommendation, two, or three? The type of scholarship will also help determine who you ask. To win a scholarship for achievement in science, you'd most likely want to ask your biology, chemistry, or physics teacher. If it's a baseball scholarship, then Biology Department Head Mr. Wilson singing praises of your lab skills might not get you too far. Besides these more obvious considerations, you should be thoughtful about who you've connected with and who knows you well enough to provide deep insight into your character and personality. Junior year teachers are often a good choice, because they had you in class recently and for an entire year. Freshman and sophomore year teachers may be reaching too far back into the past, and senior year teachers probably don't know you well enough yet. Some students ask a department head or even the principal. These letters can go a long way if the administrator knows you well, as it shows you stood out among all the students in the school. If it's a generic or distant letter though, then it won't be that effective, even coming from the principal or other administrator. Besides supporting you and having a strong relationship with you, the best letter writers are skilled and experienced at writing recommendations. Often your school counselor will have good advice as to which teachers are good choices. You might also hear through word of mouth, or consider how many years of experience a teacher has. Depending on your relationship with the teacher, you might share guides on how to write strong recommendation letters or a sample letter of recommendation for scholarship with them. You can gauge how this would be interpreted, whether it would be seen as a helpful gesture or unintentionally cause offense.Here you can do a little detective work, figure out who has the skill and time to craft an effective letter, and who might be open to suggestions or feedback. Once you've figured out who you want to ask to recommend you for the scholarship, how can you go about asking them? Might I have a moment of your time? How to Request Letters of Recommendation for Scholarships Since a letter of recommendation for scholarship takes time and thought to craft, you should ask for it at least a month before the scholarship deadline. It's definitely advisable to ask in person. Asking face to face communicates respect and maturity, plus it allows you to have a discussion about your application and any questions your recommender might have. If you're asking a teacher, it's a good idea to set up a time to meet during a break period or after school. You should also bring your completed "brag sheet" in hand, which I'll discuss in more detail below. When you meet with your teacher, you can make your request direct and to the point. She's probably well used to receiving requests for letters of recommendation, whether they're for college or scholarship applications. You could say something like the following, customized to your specific scholarship and teacher: I'm applying to the X Scholarship to support my plans for college next year. I really enjoyed your class and learned a ton from you. I'd be flattered if you could provide me with a strong letter of recommendation for my application. From here, pay attention to your teacher's reaction. If she seems busy, hesitant, or otherwise not into it, you might want to ask someone else. A lukewarm letter won't boost your application; in fact, it could actually hurt it. Make sure your recommender is happy to write you a letter without reservation. Otherwise, thank her and ask somebody else. A lot of teachers, especially experienced ones, are familiar with the various colleges that their students apply to over the years and can customize their rec letters to each school. Since there are so many scholarships out there, though, they might not know the ins and outs of the one you're hoping to win. This information, along with a "brag sheet," is useful to discuss when you make your request. Information to Give Your Recommender Of course, the necessary information is the logistics: how to submit, what forms to fill out, and what deadlines to meet. Make sure to tell your recommender exactly how and where to send their letters of recommendation and by what date. Then you can share more about the scholarship itself and why you feel you deserve it. To help your recommender customize your letter to your scholarship, tell her all about what the scholarship is for and what kind of students it's looking to reward. You can also share the rest of your application, so your recommender can complement your story. If you're focusing in on your passion for coding and building websites, then your computer science teacher can talk all about the site you designed in her class. In addition to your application, you could provide a "brag sheet" like many students do for college recs. You might call this something else in your school, but for the purposes of this article I'll stick with brag sheet. The brag sheet is more than a resume. It goes beyond listing your grades, clubs, and activities and provides space for you to reflect on your goals and passions. You can share significant experiences that shaped your values and sense of who you are, along with tough obstacles you had to overcome in your life. Your parents may also give input on this. Sharing these reflections not only helps remind your recommender of what you've accomplished in high school, it also helps reveal deep things about yourself that she may not have known about yet. By learning what's important to you and what lessons you take from your experiences, your recommender can gain even further insight into who you are. All of this is a recipe for a powerful and moving letter of recommendation in support of your scholarship application. Sharing so much about yourself can feel uncomfortable to a lot of students, and requires a certain amount of vulnerability and courage. Don't feel like you have to talk about anything you'd rather keep private. At the same time, sharing your stories could help you connect more meaningfully with your recommender and lead to an insightful, dynamic recommendation letter in your favor. Your recommender may even share her letter with you for feedback, though this is completely up to her. Recommendation letters are generally kept confidential in the academic world. Once you've made your request and shared all the important details, what are the next steps you should take in this process? Unlike the Penrose Stairs, these next steps are possible and recommended. Next Steps After giving your recommender at least a month's notice, if not more, I recommend following up with her about a week before your deadline. You can ask her if she has any other questions about the scholarship and thank her again for providing you with a reference. Once she's submitted her part, and you've completed all the other parts of the scholarship application to the best of your ability, make sure to send a thank you note. Also let her know how it all ends up, hopefully with a letter of congratulations from the scholarship committee! Ultimately, your instincts about who should recommend you will take you a long way. Additionally, these are the most important points to remember about getting a letter of recommendation for scholarship. Money fan. Key Points to Remember These are the most important takeaways for requesting letters of recommendation for scholarships. Ask a qualified person (experienced teacher, counselor, supervisor, etc) who knows you well and is happy to provide you with a strong and thoughtful endorsement. Discuss all the important details with your recommender, like the requirements of the scholarships and the themes of your application. Take the time to reflect on and share your thoughts about your own motivations, goals, and the significant experiences that have shaped you in your life. Send your recommender a friendly reminder about a week before your deadline, and be careful to get everything completed thoroughly and on time. Send a thank you note (or fruit basket, cookies, Groupon for paintball lessons...whatever seems most fitting). All parts of your scholarship application are important, including your recommendation letters! As long as you're careful about who you choose, your letters of recommendation can go far toward strengthening your application and impressing the scholarship committee. What's Next? Do you also need letters of recommendation for college? Is the process of asking for a letter for college any different than asking for one for scholarships? Find out here, with our complete guide to requesting recommendation letters for college. Are you applying to a selective institution, like an Ivy League school? Learn how to make your application stand out among the pool of qualified applicants with this Harvard alum and admissions expert's guide to getting into Harvard or the Ivy League. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. Post office order P.O.O.Pay on return p.o.r.Pages pp.Postage and packing p pPer procuration p. proPrepaid ppd.Prompt ppt.Preference pref.Proximo prox.Postscript P.S.Payment pt.Please turn over P.T.O., p.t.o.Partly paid ptly. pd.Par value p.v.Quality qulty.Quantity qty.Riot and civil commotions r. c.c.Refer to drawer R/DRunning down clause R.D.C.In regard to   reReceived; receipt rec.Received recd.Redeemable red.Reference ref.Registered reg.Returned retd.Revenue rev.Refused on delivery   R.O.D.Reply paid R.P.Revolutions per second r.p.s.Please reply RSVPRight side up with care R.S.W.C.Railway RyStamped addressed envelope s.a.e.Stock at valuation S.A.V.Sea damaged S/DSight draft S/D, s.d.Without date s.d.Special drawing rights SDRSigned sgd.Sundays and holidays excepted s. h. exShipment shipt.Signature sig.Sue and labor clause S/LC, s l.c.Shiping note S/NSellers option s.o.Standard operating procedure s.o.p. Spot spt.Senior Sr.Steamship S.S., s.s.Short ton s.t.Sterling ster.Stock exchange St. Ex.Sterling stg.Sub voce s.v.Telegraphic address T.A.Trial balance T.B.Telephone tel.Temporary secretary temp.Total loss T.L., t.l.Total loss only T.L.O.Multiple telegram TMTurn over T.O.Transfer tr.Telegram to be called for TRTrust receipt TR, T/RTelegraphic transfer (cable) TT, T.T.Telex TXUrgent UGTUnder separate cover u.s.c.Underwriters U/wsVolt v.Value val.Value-added tax v.a.t.Very good vg.Very high frequency VHFVery highly recommended v.h.r.Wat w.With average WAWaybill W.B.Without charge w.c.West European Time W.E.T.Weight guaranteed wg.Warehouse whse.With other goods w.o.g.Weather permitting; without prejudice W.P.With particular average w.p.a.War risk W.R.Warehouse receipt W/R, wr.Weather working day W.W.D.Weight wt.ex coupon x.c.ex dividend x.d.ex interest x.i.ex new shares x.n.Year y.Yard yd. Year yr.Yearly yrly.

Construction Contracts Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Contracts Law - Case Study Example A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise" Thus, when there is a proposal from one side and the acceptance of that proposal by the other side, it results in a promise. This promise from the two parties to one another is known as an agreement. Also all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. These basic rules of offer, acceptance and invitation to treat etc are amply illustrated in the cases 'Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemicals Ltd.(1952)2 Q.B.795)' , 'Felthouse v. Bindley(1862)6L.T.157)' and also in 'Fisher v. Bell (1961) 1Q.B. 394)'. The intention to create a legal relationship is demonstrated by 'Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton & Bros. Ltd.(1925)A.C.445)', Balfour v. Balfour(1919)2K.B.571)', By 'Jones v. Padavatton(1969)All E.R. 616)', and also through 'Merrit v. Merrit(1970)2All E.R.760)' As per the facts of the case it was a contract about the construction of a new warehouse incorporating high quality offices and the client wanted tight financial control. ... In nut shell the essentials needed for a valid contract, therefore, are as under : An agreement between the two parties. An agreement is the result of a proposal or an offer by one party followed by its acceptance by the other. Agreement should be between the parties who are competent to contract. There should be a lawful consideration and lawful object in respect of that agreement. There should be free consent of the parties, when they enter in to the agreement. The agreement must not be one, which has been expressly declared to be void. A proposal, when accepted, results in an agreement. It is only after the acceptance of the proposal that a contract between the two parties can arise. After the offer has been accepted, it becomes a promise which, if other conditions of a valid contract are satisfied, binds both the parties to the promise. These basic rules of offer, acceptance and invitation to treat etc are amply illustrated in the cases 'Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemicals Ltd.(1952)2 Q.B.795)' , 'Felthouse v. Bindley(1862)6L.T.157)' and also in 'Fisher v. Bell (1961) 1Q.B. 394)'. The intention to create a legal relationship is demonstrated by 'Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton & Bros. Ltd.(1925)A.C.445)', Balfour v. Balfour(1919)2K.B.571)', By 'Jones v. Padavatton(1969)All E.R. 616)', and also through 'Merrit v. Merrit(1970)2All E.R.760)' As per the facts of the case it was a contract about the construction of a new warehouse incorporating high quality offices and the client wanted tight financial control. There is no express condition laid down as to 'Time as the essence of the Contract' But through the wording of the contract it is quite clear that the client has laid down two conditions, first the quality of workmanship should

20th Century Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

20th Century Humanities - Essay Example Artists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque challenged the conventional methods of painting in perspective that was practised since the Renaissance. They came up with a new way of seeing things in the modern age, known as Cubism and it was the first form of Abstract Art. As the phenomenon of Cubism moved on to other parts of the Europe, it took different forms and names e.g. Futurism in Italy and Expressionism in Germany. In this way, Art took on different forms and names as new concepts developed and artists from different regions of the world contributed to the development and evolution of Art. This is a continual process that has moved on from the Twentieth century to the Twenty-first century. Hence, the importance of 20th century Art cannot be refuted, as the foundations of contemporary and future art have their roots back there. The Twentieth Century is also phenomenal in the development of cross-cultural art, which is the basis of globalization today. The invincible barriers between different cultures were broken down and the cultural values were assimilated; thus the cultural scene took on a new shape. Harlem Renaissance was one such phenomenon during the 1920’s when the African-American culture found new definition and dimension. It heralded the liberation of the oppressed and suppressed Negroes and they discovered new ways of self expression. This is exactly what the world shall desire in the future- liberation of man and assimilation of cultures in order to give birth to a global culture. For the first time in history, an attempt was made in developing a universal culture to promote harmony and encourage mutual cooperation. For those who look forward to the developments in arts and literature in the future can understand the relationship between man, society and Arts by studying 20th Century Humanities.

English essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Essay Example This indicates that the value on nutrition is very high, thus, influencing the trend of the consumer’s choice of diet (Hoyer & Macinnis, 2008). Humans have a tendency to pursue what is pleasurable for them and to avoid things that can be painful or upsetting (Mooij, 2004). This is the hedonistic nature of man that governs his behaviors and actions, and influences his decisions. This greatly influences that buying behavior of man, which when studied and analyzed can be helpful for understanding the trends that will be beneficial in creating new products or improving current products. This indicates that hedonism is influential in the choice of purchases of a consumer. This signifies that consumers tend to be attracted to those products that they consider pleasurable or beneficial for their wellbeing. It is then, important to consider giving the consumers what they need in fulfilling this value. Having the nutritional value of the food the restaurant serves implies value for the consumer’s needs. Whether the dish is nutritious or not, it allows the consumer to understand and to know what they eat, and the implications of what they are eating. With this, consumers feel that their needs and wants are served, and that their choices are important for the management of the restaurant. Giving out the nutritional value does not necessarily mean that the restaurant needs to indicate this in the menu. What is important is that there is nutritional value on the dishes within the restaurants that the customers will be able to notice. There is awareness that there is such information within their grasps and it will be their choice whether or not to check it. This will allow the restaurant to minimize loses, when the customer chooses not to order say a high-priced item which has more calories than usual but satisfies his craving for sweets because of the information

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, inside an automobile engine, fuel undergoes incomplete combustion and as a result unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and compounds of sulphur are released, which are extremely dangerous to mankind (Rao, 1989). Many organizations all over the world are participating in developing awareness and making such standards that are environment friendly. Among them is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA which is constantly trying to make such standards and regulations which can lessen the effects of the exhaust of the automobiles on the environment. An Energy Policy Act has been passed by EPA which is considered to be an attempt in fighting energy problems. It contains a national renewable fuel standard program RFS, developed to make use of a certain amount of renewable fuel within transportation fuels. Ethanol is one of the environment friendly gas or liquid recommended in EPA and RFS programs. It is, in actual, the ethyl alcohol found in drinking beverages and it is being used as a transportation fuel too for decades. It is termed as an oxygenating factor for gasoline and is used purposely for oxygenating fuel in many parts of the country. It is blended as an alternative fuel to the gasoline of about 5-10% concentration initially, but now it is mostly in the form of E85 and E100 which contains 85-100% concentration of ethanol alcohol (Renewable Fuel Standard Program. 2011). Using Ethanol as E85 has quantitatively replaced the gasoline in flexible fuel vehicles, which have engines designed for this special purpose so that they are compatible with the high concentration of ethanol. It has a high octane rate than gasoline and thus provides good performance and engine efficiency, but at the same time it has lower energy content and thus it gives less mileage as compared to gasoline of the same amount. United States was the world’s top producer of ethanol with 50 billion liters out of 86.9 billion liters all over the world in the year 2010. Every other car or automobile in US uses a blend of gasoline ethanol up to 10% as it is considered mandatory by the RFS program. There are also a great number of flexible fuel vehicles which use E85 and E100 as a fuel, but it can b e affirmed that more energy is consumed as compared to gasoline (Lichts. 2010). As ethanol is a biofuel, it is mostly seen to be produced from the natural sources and products. Agricultural feed stocks such as sugar cane or corn which are considered renewable are being processed into ethanol by fermentation, distillation and dehydration, when after they undergo the process of photosynthesis for their growth. Petroleum is also a source of ethanol production in the world. About 5% of world’s ethanol is produced by the catalytic hydration of ethylene which is obtained from oil, gas, coal and other petroleum resources. Apart from sugar cane and corn, other feed stocks can also be used for the production of bio-ethanol, which include bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switch grass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, molasses, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton and other biomass and cellulose harvestings. The only condition is that the process of photosynthesis should completely occur, i.e., plants absorb sunlight for their growth and all the minerals they produce like phosphorus etc should return to the land (Ethanol. 2012). Apart from its

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Strategic Plan Assignment

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Strategic Plan - Assignment Example The second reason is the indications that the program will seek to improve the resilience and safety of water infrastructure, as well as the communities. The program also provides a guideline that will facilitate transportation of trade commodities on the coastal channels of the nation as well as inland waterways. The plan will also protect, restore and manage aquatic ecosystems that will benefit the entire country (US Army Corps of Engineers, 2014). After an assessment of the likely advantages of the project, I realize that it is suitable for sustainable water resources management in the country. However, there is a need that the public supports the program to ensure that it succeeds. GPRA requires that strategic plans have six components, which U.S. Army Corps of Engineers fully submitted. The first requirement is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers should have a comprehensive mission statement. For this case, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has a statement that is to deliver vital engineering for military and public management services. The mission also seeks to provide partnerships in peace and war to energize the American economy and strengthen the security of the country (General Accounting Ofï ¬ ce, 1997). The second requirement by GPRA is that the agency should have long-term objectives and goals for all critical functions of operations. The next item is the organization should provide strategies that will ensure the attainment of the set goals and objectives as well as those that it targets annually. Considerably, the strategic plan of the institution will occur for both long and short-term projects. There are also mechanisms laid down that will ensure tha t the set objectives become a reality. At the same time, there are relationships between the long-term plans and the annual goals. The latter point is in line with GPRA’s fourth requirement of the institution.An analysis of the strategic plan indicates that it adheres to the fifth element of GPRA, which is the identification of critical factors that are external to the agency and may affect attainments of the set plans. In addition, there is the need that all strategic plans have a description of the program evaluations used to revise or establish the strategic plans. Considerably, the program is appropriate because it satisfies all the six fields that GPRA requires and works in accordance with the constitution. For this case, the plan is in line with Paperwork Reduction Act 1995 as well as the Clinger-Cohen Act that aim to increase efficiency. For this case, there is a consideration that the public should support the project because of the provision for the fifth element of the GPRA requirements.   

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, inside an automobile engine, fuel undergoes incomplete combustion and as a result unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and compounds of sulphur are released, which are extremely dangerous to mankind (Rao, 1989). Many organizations all over the world are participating in developing awareness and making such standards that are environment friendly. Among them is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA which is constantly trying to make such standards and regulations which can lessen the effects of the exhaust of the automobiles on the environment. An Energy Policy Act has been passed by EPA which is considered to be an attempt in fighting energy problems. It contains a national renewable fuel standard program RFS, developed to make use of a certain amount of renewable fuel within transportation fuels. Ethanol is one of the environment friendly gas or liquid recommended in EPA and RFS programs. It is, in actual, the ethyl alcohol found in drinking beverages and it is being used as a transportation fuel too for decades. It is termed as an oxygenating factor for gasoline and is used purposely for oxygenating fuel in many parts of the country. It is blended as an alternative fuel to the gasoline of about 5-10% concentration initially, but now it is mostly in the form of E85 and E100 which contains 85-100% concentration of ethanol alcohol (Renewable Fuel Standard Program. 2011). Using Ethanol as E85 has quantitatively replaced the gasoline in flexible fuel vehicles, which have engines designed for this special purpose so that they are compatible with the high concentration of ethanol. It has a high octane rate than gasoline and thus provides good performance and engine efficiency, but at the same time it has lower energy content and thus it gives less mileage as compared to gasoline of the same amount. United States was the world’s top producer of ethanol with 50 billion liters out of 86.9 billion liters all over the world in the year 2010. Every other car or automobile in US uses a blend of gasoline ethanol up to 10% as it is considered mandatory by the RFS program. There are also a great number of flexible fuel vehicles which use E85 and E100 as a fuel, but it can b e affirmed that more energy is consumed as compared to gasoline (Lichts. 2010). As ethanol is a biofuel, it is mostly seen to be produced from the natural sources and products. Agricultural feed stocks such as sugar cane or corn which are considered renewable are being processed into ethanol by fermentation, distillation and dehydration, when after they undergo the process of photosynthesis for their growth. Petroleum is also a source of ethanol production in the world. About 5% of world’s ethanol is produced by the catalytic hydration of ethylene which is obtained from oil, gas, coal and other petroleum resources. Apart from sugar cane and corn, other feed stocks can also be used for the production of bio-ethanol, which include bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switch grass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, molasses, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton and other biomass and cellulose harvestings. The only condition is that the process of photosynthesis should completely occur, i.e., plants absorb sunlight for their growth and all the minerals they produce like phosphorus etc should return to the land (Ethanol. 2012). Apart from its

Felony Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Felony Murder - Essay Example Felony murder is one of the most critical crimes in the United States. Felonies vary in type and form, but the common denominator is that any death that occurs in the course of crime is treated as felony murder. Crime perpetrators may or may not cause death in the line of crime, determining the extent of felony murder law application. Any person who commits a felony and causes death to another person in the course of that felony is guilty of felony murder according to felony murder law (Binder, 2012). The crime perpetrator is highly likely to be charged and convicted for first degree murder. While felony murder and how this murder is realized remains critical to serving justice, it is important to account for the proportion of people who are caught up in the acts of crime, and then held equally responsible for the murder(s) that occur. It is important to note that every single crime perpetrator found guilty of felony murder should be substantial punished for it. However, this should be controlled and limited to direct participants in criminal activities that result in felony murder. There have been myriad reported cases on conviction of persons who do not even realize that they are in the middle of criminal activities when felony murders take place. In other words, as much as criminals should be held accountable for the deaths of innocent persons, there should be provisions for isolated cases following critical investigations into such matters. This can serve as an effective way to ensure that innocent persons are not incarcerated for felony murders that they can hardly explain. The idea of felony murder law is to protect innocent persons from being hurt or losing their lives at the verge of crime (Binder, 2012). Of course, this is a welcome move for protecting citizens in the event of crime. However, care should be taken in evaluating the conditions under which felony murders occur, in order to safeguard the interests of all persons.

European Terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s Essay Example for Free

European Terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s Essay In a post World War II era, terrorism and covert terrorist actions became a major weapon against the governments of many European nations. In most cases, terrorism â€Å"had two purposes: to make life unendurable for the [country], and to ensure the active support of the population by executing traitors and collaborators . † Even more, â€Å"a great number [of terrorist incidents] are directed against American targets or are related to a spillover from the problems in the Middle East . † With that said, a close look will be taken to answer three questions regarding European terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s which include how the European governments confronted the threat, what methods the European governments took to deal with these terrorist groups, concluding with an analysis of what motivated the terrorists. To begin with, a look will first be taken into how the European governments confronted the threat of terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s. The terrorist violence â€Å"during the postwar era in Europe has been characterized primarily by a combination of attacks by terrorist cells and hate crimes by individuals or small gangs of people—many of them racist skin heads . † In order to confront the terrorist actions, the European governments, for the most part, sought to compromise with a form of â€Å"conflict resolution † instead of direct action and retaliation that the United States has become so fond of employing. At first, the ideaology was to react on the defensive, without direct reaction, as it was believed that the terrorists would soon become tired of their actions and protest and the nation could move on. However, by the early 1970’s public â€Å"outrage at terrorist attacks † fueled the need for governments to act decisively in order to remove and dissemble the threat. For the first time in history, pressure was placed upon the nations that harbored and supported the terrorists . Essentially, the methods in dealing with the terrorist groups were, in the beginning, to simply let the terrorists have their say, and to attempt to negotiate, if possible. However, as the public began to find out that the heinous crimes committed on their front yards was related to terrorist actions, the European governments were forced to take direct and decisive action against the terrorists. Their methods included allocating more funds for defense and counter-terrorist measures and intelligence and to â€Å"delegitimize terrorists, to get society to see them for what they are—criminals—and to use one of [their] most important tools, the rule of law, against them . † The main defense against terrorism became the effectiveness of counter-intelligence measures and an enlightened society who no longer viewed terrorists with the pity they once deserved. The motivations of the terrorists were, at one time, honorable—as they were fighting against oppression and they didn’t employ any violent acts. However, â€Å"it will be sufficient to define political terrorism as a tactic employed by non-state actors involving the threat or use of fear-inducing forms of violence in an attempt to attain certain political objectives . † This, essentially, is terrorism in its most basic form—violence to get a fear-based reaction. However, terrorism breaks down into a much deeper psychological philosophy in which â€Å"the label of ‘terrorists’ [applies] to certain peoples struggling, by the only means within their power, to win or regain the fundamental rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Charter . † By this definition, a terrorist can be any human being facing oppression of their basic, most fundamental human rights, and is not necessarily the racially profiled stereotype that modern society has been taught to believe. Even more, throughout â€Å"history there [have] been political, social and economic situations in which endlessly and unjustly oppressed groups or races had to exercise their right to violence, their right to resist oppression by every means available . † In seeking truth and justice in their nation or culture, many terrorists choose the violent way of expressing their need for honored human rights. Moreover, â€Å"the question was not one of defending crime and violence but rather one of accepting the fact that such behavior, no matter how repugnant it appeared, had a motivation that all lovers of justice, freedom and human dignity could understand, even if they disapproved of it . † Essentially, terrorism is, as the United States public has been led to believe after the events of 9/11, the most heinous action that a human being can take in order to harm another person or nation. However, in order to understand the motivations of the terrorist, it must be recalled, and inherently understood, that they are humans too. They might be facing oppression, or they might be members of a religious cult who believe that nations who flaunt their materialism need to be punished, but the essence of the terrorist is that they are motivated by the need to fight and stand up against oppression against any odds. Overall, terrorism and covert terrorist actions have become a major weapon against the governments of many European and Western nations. Terrorism was meant to highlight the oppression that a people felt against their country, however, in many cases, terrorism evolved into brutal murders and heinous crimes. From the analysis of the three questions regarding European terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s, which included how the European governments confronted the threat, what methods the European governments took to deal with these terrorist groups, followed by an analysis of what motivated the terrorists, a conclusion can be drawn as to the insidious motivations of the terrorists and the evolving methods that the European governments were forced to employ to keep pace with the evolving nature of the terrorist crimes. Bibliography. Aston, Clive C. A Contemporary Crisis: Political Hostage-Taking and the Experience ofWestern Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. Crozier, Brian. The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960. Martin, Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. New York: Sage Publications, 2006. Oliverio, Annamarie. â€Å"US versus European Approaches to Terrorism: Size Really Does Matter. † Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 2008. http://policing. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/content/abstract/2/4/452 Schmid, Alex Peter and Ronald D. Crelinsten. Western Responses to Terrorism. London: Routledge, 1993.

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 (Appendix 1) as an association of persons, whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations between workers and employers The Trade Union or Labour Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have bonded together motivated by a simple motto Unity makes strength. Workers will therefore utilise trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board of directions. Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organisation. According to Cunnison, Trade Union is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general purpose of the association in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to bargain with the employers The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by securing economic benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the workplace and guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace. Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labour contracts are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximise the number of employees an employer can hire. 2.2 Hierarchy of Trade Unions There is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified; the confederation, the federations and the trade unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are; National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the trade unions which are affiliated to the NTUC; The Federation of Civil Service Unions, Federation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, General Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers. 2.3 Structure of Trade Union The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely: The Annual Delegates Congress It is the authority which governs the federation. The Executive Council It comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is usually the secretary or the president and the Bureau members and two observers per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct meeting regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss disagreements between different affiliates. Meeting can be scheduled on the demand of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too. The Bureau It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant Treasurer and a fourth one who is the organising secretary. President He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation. General secretary The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the Secretariat of Federation. Treasurer He is in charge of the accounts of the federation. Organising Secretary He is in charge of organising events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others. Public Relation Officer He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be published by the media. 2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade Union The existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial development pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the formation of new one such as the technological one as well as the tourism sector, human resources were required. However, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour force appears. This is where the trade union emerged; they ensured that the human rights of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution. Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they formed part of. The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following ways: First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation. They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them. The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment. In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses to their members. They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance; they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others. 2.5 Objectives of trade unions. The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues like: Negotiation Representation Information and advice Member services Negotiation One of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it can negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These negotiations are commonly known as collective bargaining. Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation process normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even have the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual agreement also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union. Representing Body Employees and other workers have the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting. Information and Advice If someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work related problems. Member Service Trade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as equal opportunities. Voice in decision affecting Workers Trade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which reduce employment, e.g. restructuring and automation 2.6 Types of Trade Union Craft or Occupation Union. This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The advantage of craft unionism is the sense of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears skilled workers, they have a good economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased. One- Shop Union or House Union The one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of union has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily dominated by management. Common Employer Union. 2.7 Characteristic of Trade Union Trade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an essential and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such as: Trade Union come together for common goals and interest The members have some materials of collective interest such as improving working conditions, better wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome. Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earners: Unions are essentially a cooperative labour marketing association whose aim is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and political views of its members. Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working class bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such as: Agricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU) Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC) Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) Trade Unions are basically voluntary organizations: Members of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely free to become a member of a Trade Union or not; none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated. Unions are egalitarian bodies: The Unions are self-governed; this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade Union Act. The Trade Union is a continuous association Union is not a daily affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membership Constant evolution in the characteristic of Trade Union With this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members. Rapport with the Management: The unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees. 2.8 Functions of Trade Unions Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions: Militant Function Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Fraternal Function Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as follows: Intra-mural activities: These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees e.g. wages, strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extra-mural activities: These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Political activities: Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working class Other Functions Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations; however the five main general principles developed have been: The service function The representative function The regulatory function The government function The public administration function The service function This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members. The representative function This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace. The regulatory function This enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done either: directly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial Council Or indirectly through regulatory legislation The government and public administration function Trade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respective function within the law. Trade unions also play an important role in: improving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectives negotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the people encouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employees acting as a positive change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organization Protecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management. safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership