Editing Essay Samples - Why It Is Important To Select The Best Editing Essay Samples

Editing Essay Samples - Why It Is Important To Select The Best Editing Essay SamplesIf you are looking for some good editing essay samples that you can use to improve your writing skills and work experience, then you are on the right track. There are many different types of essay samples available on the internet, but to be honest, you can only benefit if you select the best essay samples.First of all, you should understand why essay samples are so important. Editing essays and submitting them for exams are a way of preparing yourself for the real thing. So if you are serious about improving your skills, then it is important that you can use samples to do so.A good example would be to read a few copyediting samples first, and then read about other types of essays. The best part is that there are so many different types of essays to choose from. So that means that you have a lot of options to pick from. The best thing about this is that you don't have to go through multiple choice que stions, which can be frustrating, especially if you are trying to improve your writing skills.You can even go through all the sample editing essays to make sure that you have selected all the essays that are most useful to you. The key is to have a few samples that you can refer to during exam time. If you make the mistake of reading all of the writing samples at once, you will find that it is very hard to make any meaningful decisions.So it is important that you decide on your own editing essay samples and make sure that you get the ones that are most useful to you. But you can do this by simply using your common sense and asking yourself a few questions to determine which ones will help you improve your skills.Once you have found the editing writing samples that you want to use, all you have to do is get started. So get started today and improve your writing skills. Just make sure that you use the editing writing samples that are most useful to you.These editing essay samples are just one of the ways that you can improve your writing skills. So take a little time to look through all of the different types of essays and see which ones are the most useful to you.

500 Word Essay on a Kind Thing I Did for Someone - 630 Words

5150 Mr. Padilla English 101 5 December 2012 Argument Essay The topic of gay marriage has always been controversial. Anytime the idea of same sex couples being allowed to marry is brought up there’s almost always an argument started. It’s viewed by many as wrong and many think it should remain illegal, but why? If two people are happy, no matter the gender, why should anything stop them from marrying? Male and female, male and male, or female and female, it shouldn’t matter; if they’re happy and want to marry, let them. Most often the idea of gay marriage is viewed as wrong because of religion. In the bible it states that marriage should be between a man and a woman. Although the bible was written a very long time ago and I believe†¦show more content†¦Being truly happy is the only way to maintain a successful relationship. Another topic that raises a lot of conversation is the fact that same sex marriage affects the couple’s children. It’s argued that both a male and a female need to raise a child â€Å"normally.† A parent is a parent; if they are good at it then the child should not be affected by it at all. There are plenty of ways for a young boy to â€Å"bond† with a female and vice versa. A child goes to school which is the number one way to make friends and communicate with the opposite sex. With school comes extra curricula’s like sports, music, plays and a lot more, which are all ways to develop relations with the opposite sex. There is no difference between a straight family and a same sex family. The topic of same sex marriage will always be controversial and raise conversation. With the low divorce rate and the couples coming out, it’s only a matter of time. Although you may not agree with it, it could make a difference and change, which is what Am erica is all about. So whether you are for or against same sex marriage, think about how happy you are with your current status and then think about how happy same sex marriage could make aShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of A Hero891 Words   |  4 Pageswhole bunch of bullets down to an outdoor shooting 59 people were killed and more than 500 were injured. This subject is important to me because my mom was at the shooting, my mom is my world and my life and the guy who decided to do this was right behind them luckily she is safe and nothing is wrong but 59 people died. This is why we need heros in our world. When someone asks me what our 3 traits of a hero I think of loyalty, bravery, and kindness. Loyalty, loyalty is one of the most importantRead MoreAndy Warhol : Consumerism, Business And Authenticity1742 Words   |  7 PagesAndy Warhol Consumerism, business and authenticity. Considered one of the most glamourous figures in contemporary art. An eccentric figure he became infamous for his eccentric way of seeing and experiencing the world. As I find is often the case, Duchamp said it best - â€Å"What s interesting is not that somebody would want to paint twenty-seven soup cans.   What’s interesting is the mind that would conceive of painting twenty-seven soup cans.† Fascinated with commerce and celebrity Warhol bridgedRead MoreThe Importance Of Creative Writing1694 Words   |  7 PagesMYP project, I created multiple stories in order to reach my goal of doing just that. Throughout the entire process of this project, I have researched and gone through many difficulties while working on this project. Creative writing is something that not only is used to create worlds but can be used to express emotions as well. First is the process of my project itself. What inspired me to do this project is my overall love for writing stories. I enjoy writing every chance that I get, it soothesRead MoreWhat Is Digital Media Convergence1467 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I am going to have an in-depth look at the question â€Å"what is digital media convergence†, not just a simple answer of what it is because the question may seem simple but in digital media convergence there are several underlying convergences which make up the whole idea, in this essay I am going to try and cover what these are and what effects technologically, socially and culturally they are having on us. First of what is Digital media convergence? It can be simplified as several processesRead MoreHuman Oppressiveness in Two Kinds and AP Essay2357 Words   |  10 PagesIt was Emerson who said it best, â€Å"For nonconformity, the world whips you with its displeasure† (Porter 1155). With a detailed look of Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† you will find that this quote is entirely applicable in the context of oppressiveness and in the likeness of â€Å"coming of age.† These two stories document the different perspectives of two characters’ growing up and how the role of the invisible hand of oppression guides developing adolescents into mature adults; withoutRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe people in my life I have always looked up to the most have been my teachers. When I was a child, they seemed all-powerful, the givers of the knowledge I didn’t even know I sought. Now, as a teenag er, I still hold the opinion that educating the next generation is one of the noblest tasks a person can devote themselves to. Like many children, I went through many â€Å"dream career† phases: astronaut first, inspired by the â€Å"Magic School Bus† books, then veterinarian, a seemingly natural fit with my loveRead MoreHuman Resources Management Essay2887 Words   |  12 PagesHROB Self-Reflection Individual Essay A manager is an individual who usually oversees a firm or companies actions on a daily basis. A manager has to have qualities of a leader to be selected for this position because in general the manager’s job has a huge weight on the company he is managing and can be a main cause for their major downfall or great success. There have been many influential and important leaders throughout history that have made the world a better place to live in, such as, NelsonRead MoreDevry Eng 135 Week 14163 Words   |  17 Pages-America How can I prevent identity theft? Some of the things you can do and not a victim yet is to monitor your credit and keeping your information safe. We talked about not only making sure your information is safe when you’re out in the public, such as only carrying one credit card when you really need it, not carrying your social security card and birth certificate just to name a few, We don’t need to have these things with us everyday. Just keep the common things you need with you everyRead MoreQuestions On Writing An Essay Essay9089 Words   |  37 Pageswritten plenty of essays in high school. Yet, for some reason, you still can t see to get an A on an essay. You have the basics of writing down, so what more can you do? Here are some more advanced advice to spice up your essays, and earn you that A! How to Write a College Essay: Address the Opposition Read any book about writing an essay, and you will be told to address the opposition. Acknowledging that your thesis can be argued may seem like it would hinder your essay, but it actually makesRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 PagesP A R T 1. A N A L Y Z I N G F I C T I O N MODULE 1 1.1. The fictional world of a literary work Literature is writing that can be read in many ways. We can read it as a form of history, biography, or autobiography. We can read it as an example of linguistic structures or rhetorical conventions manipulated for special effect. We can view it as a material product of the culture that produced it. We can see it as an expression of beliefs and values of a particular class. We can also see a work of literature

Female Characters Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet

Abstract—Numerous characters appear in the works of England’s most prominent play writer, William Shakespeare. Most of the time, his male protagonists possess various and complex characteristics throughout the storyline of his work, making it interesting for the readers to analyze their actions in many different aspects. However, some critics argue that unlike male characters, Shakespeare’s female characters are rather more flat and one-sided, pointing out that they are either the extreme version of good or evil. Especially, it is a significant topic to discuss in the modern days, considering the fact that gender stereotype is now a sensitive issue. Starting from such argument, it is important to address their purpose of being in the play and suggest their meaning to the modern readers of today. In this context, this paper analyzes several female characters of Shakespeare’s work by closely examining their actions and lines. The characters analyzed are Ophe lia from Hamlet, Cordelia from King Lear, Katherine from The Taming of the Shrew, Goneril from King Lear and Lady Macbeth from Macbeth. Nevertheless, some female protagonists of Shakespeare’s work do not fall in to this category and exceed the limitations of others. Therefore this paper proposes alternative characters such as Juliet from Romeo and Juliet and Portia from The Merchant of Venice that are rather more complex and difficult to include in just one category. By doing so, this paper critically analyzes the strengthsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare occupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedi es, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1209 Words   |  5 PagesRigby, Romeo and Juliet displays the the nature of love and the reason for its destruction. It is the most common story to associate with love, it has been adapted to film multiple times, even within a modern setting. Within the play lies many different themes, two of which I will analyse today which are love and hate. The deepest principles in human nature are hate and love, these two contrasting emotions are key in understanding Romeo and Juliet. It s a play which dates back to the late 1500’s writtenRead MoreExamples Of Gender Equality In Romeo And Juliet890 Words   |  4 PagesShana Chen Ms Varone ENG2D3-03 December 21st, 2017 Gender Equality in Romeo and Juliet and Why It Is Relevant Now Romeo and Juliet is a classic play composed by William Shakespeare in the 1500’s. This tale is about two star-crossed lovers whose love was forbidden by their feuding families. Through the story, Shakespeare educates us on his opinion about the society of Verona, Italy and the societal expectations, beliefs, values and gender standards, behaviors for both men and women. DiscriminationRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1591 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare is a prominent figure present throughout history. His writing is credited as some of the most influential pieces written in English literature. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in England. He attended school, but did not further his formal education after dropping out of grammar school. In 1590, he left his wife and three children in order to become a playwright and actor. He was successful with this, and, because of his reputation, became a popular playwright in England. After his deathRead MoreThe Conflict Between Unrequited Love And Family Duty931 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a well-known play written in the 1590’s by William Shakespeare. It is based on the tragic story of the forbidden romance between two offspring (lovers) from rival families at war. In this essay I will explain how Shakespeare explores the conflict between unrequited love and family duty. The Montagues and Capulets are two extremely powerful families whom are both rich in wealth and dignity that are in heavy feud with one another. In those days procreation was a necessity ;howeverRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1275 Words   |  6 Pagesauspicious and undulous Elizabethan Age made England the temperament of all sexual intercourse, educate, and most importantly, theatre. Romeo and Juliet, the masterwork buskin by William Shakespeare, employ spot in this period conclusion and relief the statement of two immature lovers whose sick-destined deaths finally conclusion an old class dispute. The two, Romeo and Juliet, arrive from quarreling families who adamantly condemn of their concord. Thus, after intelligent each other for only a few days,Read MoreRomeo and Juliet Gender Roles1251 Words   |  6 PagesRoles in Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Juliet resorts to conniving and shrewd ways in order to control her destiny and free herself from her confined existence. Contrary to the critics who view Juliet as innocent, childish and immature, Juliet’s habits of manipulating people–particularly the men in her life, expressly Romeo–through simulating maleness implies a parallel between the approaches falconers (mostly males) use to train their falcons (mostly females) (Radel)Read MoreThe Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1268 Words   |  6 Pages The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is widely known as the greatest love story of all time. Not only for it’s great story, but also revolutionizing the genre and what the audience thinks of society.. It’s strong female heroine that stands up to her farther and the idea of equal power in marriage were unheard of at the time. However, beneath that is a dark story about suicide, death, hate , and mortality. It’s hard to believe that an author challenging the social norm of the time would also punish theRead More Themes of Violence and Conflict are Central to Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare1519 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare who was born in 1564 and died in 1616, during his time he wrote many plays which were prolific including Macbeth, Othello and The Tempest. Theatre in Elizabethan times was marvellous entertainment. Plays would be performed almost anywhere, the theatres were new and extremely popular places for people to meet up socialise. All sorts of people went to watch plays, from the poorest people to the richest. The poor people would stand at the

Social Stratification In Sociology - 1990 Words

There are many factors in an adolescent s life that can have an impact on their behavior and how they socialize with others. One of the biggest factor that can affect an adolescent is the family institution. The purpose of the family institution is to socialize new members of society and teach them the different norms and values that are meant to be fallow by the individuals. When the family institution does not do a decent job in the process of socialization then the failure will be reflected in the individual s behavior. Social stratification can have a major impact in the process of socialization because kids are raised with different privileges depending on social class. These factors will play an important role when adolescent have†¦show more content†¦The second social structure includes a person status. Status can vary widely amongst members of society. Status gives or take away power, respect, prestige to certain individuals in society. The third factor are roles. R oles are the distinct functions that an individual in given through the process of socialization. The fourth element are social groups. Groups are the people in society that have similar identities and share the same. interests Groups are classified primary and secondary groups and aggregates. Primary groups are face to face interactions with those people we share an intimate bond with. Secondary groups are those who have similarities just because they are working towards a common goal together. Aggregates are just different peoples that share the same space for a brief period and do not related to one another and do not share any intimate interaction. The last structure is institutions formed by society as a form of socialization. These different institutions are in charge of teaching members of society the different norms, groups, roles, customs for society to function properly. The Breakfast Club is a group of individuals who find themselves sharing the same space one Saturday morning in detention. Each of the students have different reason on why they had to serve 8 hours of detention. At the beginning it looks like they are only aggregates because they do not share any relationships beside from the fact that they are sharing the sameShow MoreRelatedA Bug s Life, Sociology, Race, Social Stratification, Relationships1708 Words   |  7 Pagestheir race as a way to place them all within a low-class category. Despite their manipulative ways and social stratification uses, the ants came out on top while the grasshoppers felt the wrath of ants who had finally come together as a family. Unleashing their power, as one big family, onto the grasshoppers and reclaiming their home island. Keywords: A Bug’s Life, Sociology, race, social stratification, relationships Movie Critique of A Bug’s Life Introduction â€Å"It s a bug-eat-bug world out there, PrincessRead MoreSociology Is The Scientific Study Of Society And Human Behavior895 Words   |  4 PagesWebster dictionary, the simple definition of sociology is â€Å"the study of society, social institution, and social relationships. Based on the textbook, â€Å"sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior† (G-6). Through the two definitions, one can deduce that the study of Sociology is a discipline that explains and analysis the human culture in terms of their social relationships and social institutions. Sociology is a study that explains the social world which human beings live in and howRead MoreWhat Do Sociologists Mean by Social Stratification?1506 Words   |  7 Pagessociologists mean by social stratification? Discuss its consequences for society and for individuals living within it. Illustrate and support your response with sociological argument and evidence. Sociologists have varying views on social stratification, therefore their approach to how it can impact society and individuals results in very different concepts. This piece of work will identify and discuss the key points which are significant to the sociological debate. Social Stratification is ‘a systemRead MoreSocial Stratification1589 Words   |  7 PagesASSESS THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CONFLICT THEORY IN EXPLAINING STRATIFICATION. ‘Stratification’ is a term used to characterize a structure of inequality where individuals occupy differentiated structural positions and the positions are situated in layers (or strata) that are ranked hierarchically according to broadly recognized standards .( Durlauf 1999) The conflict theory in relation to social stratification argues that stratification,†reflects the distribution of power in society and is thereforeRead MoreSocial Stratification According to Marx and Weber1163 Words   |  5 PagesSocial stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power and wealth within a society. Social stratification relates to the socio-economic concept of class, consisting of the upper class, middle class, and lower class. Each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes through the main indicator is occupation. This is the most practical and most effective means of encompassing the wide variety of economic and social elements that go to make up a person’sRead MoreContemporary Theory: Stratification Essay examples1245 Words   |  5 PagesA major concern of modern-day theory would be the impacts of stratification within society. Social stratification is defined as the â€Å"hierarchical or vertical div ision of society according to rank, caste, or class† (Dictionary.com 2014). Social stratification can be operationally defined â€Å"as the systematically unequal distribution of power, wealth, and status (Bowles 2013; Kerbo 2000). Stratification sets up that all known societies past and present â€Å"distribute its scarce and demanded goods and servicesRead MoreEssay about Sociology1492 Words   |  6 Pages Sociology is a field which developed over a millennia ago, but it was not until the nineteenth century that it came into the fore as a bona fide social science, in need of its own classification apart from other social sciences. Sociology, the study of the process of companionship;(pg.396, Ambercrombie,Hill,Turner), is a discipline, which is not exclusively independent in and of its self, yet borrows from many other disciplines such as: history, geography, and anthropology. American sociologyRead MoreThe Human Mind And Behavior As Individuals And Small Groups984 Words   |  4 Pageson leaning the human mind and behavior as individuals and small groups, sociology is the course to study human social relations and the society itself. Sociology focuses on explaining societal behavior by studying how gender, race, social classes, religion, socioeconomic status, and sexuality can associate with the overall culture. Example of sociology, social stratification, sociology will lean about how social stratification is formed and how it divides the people, and how people in the differentRead MoreSocial Stratification: Through the eyes of Tà ¶nnies and Park1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn any study of urban sociology one is bound to encounter few scholars that have contributed as greatly to our current understanding of the structure and evolution of society as have Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies and Robert Park. Both born in the late nineteenth century and living well into the first part of the 20th century, affording each an opportunity to experience radical industrial growth, political and economic upheaval, and the first great international war. Despite these similarities, each theoristRead MoreGraduate Admissions Personal Statement : How Society And Social Stratification Affects Our Daily Lives1248 Words   |  5 PagesLisa Hutchins 8/3/2015 Graduate Admissions Personal Statement I have always been passionate about how society and social stratification affects our daily lives. I believe these issues are relevant to everyone, in everyday life, and sociology affects everyone on a personal level. When I was an undergraduate student, I had a professor that opened up my mind to the study of sociology. It was at that time, that I decided, I loved the subject so much that I wanted to someday teach it on a post-secondary

Best Ways To Study Essay - 804 Words

Three Best Ways to Study For many students studying for an exam or a test can be very stressful. For a lot of them studying is very hard because sometimes most of the materials they study, they dont remember on the actual test or exam. However there are more than one way to study and most theses studying methods can be very helpful and very reliable. A Lot of students tend to cram all the studying two or the night before the test and according to UCLA professor of psychiatry Andrew J. Fuligni (2012) cramming and trying to get as much information in your head two or a night before the test is very counterproductive. How to study properly Although there are many ways and methods of studying whether it be scientific or a family belief ,†¦show more content†¦A second method of studying is by studying in an appropriate setting (Chadron State College). Studying in an environment where distraction is very easy to find is very difficult. Studying in a quiet setting with a lot of space away from distraction can help you study and can help memory performance. With this setting its also helpful to be consistent with the studying, studying at the same time and same place is very effective especially when this is done 2 -3 weeks prior to the test quiz or exam. With the proper setting, proper setting is also necessary. â€Å" Your study desk or table should be equipped with all the materials you might need to complete the assignment, e.g., pencils, pens, erasers, paper clips, stapler, dictionary, snacks, and liquid refreshments, etc.† - Chadron State College. Adding items that can help you study and removing thin gs that might distract is also need for effective studying. The third and final method of studying that is effective is studying while listening to music. According to Goodwin (2015), studying with music before a test can improve attention and can help lessen depression and anxiety. The â€Å"Mozart effect† is known to be helpful but of course today the effects will be very different since students dont tend to listen to Mozart. The type of music played also plays a pig role of studying. Studying with music that has lyrics is not recommendedShow MoreRelatedPsychology Tma021554 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and Contrast the approach to studying children’s friendships taken in the Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) study with that taken by William Corsaro. In this essay you will read about the many similarities and differences of the study and research of children’s friendships expectations, which were approached by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and William Corsaro (2006). Firstly I will introduce both of the different approaches and methods and I will then later go into the results of their work.Read Morecritical analysis of of studies by bacon1454 Words   |  6 Pagescondensation. Every sentence in his essays is pregnant with meaning and is capable of being expanded into several sentences. Many of sentences appear to be proverbial saying by virtue of their gems of thoughts expressed in a pithy manner. Its can say two most in the fewest words. Its essays combine wisdom in thoughts with extreme brevity. The short pithy sayings in his essays have become popular mottoes and house hold expressions. Bacon appears before the reader in these essays not in the character of a scientistRead MoreA Brief Note On Mla And The American Medica l Association ( Ama )840 Words   |  4 PagesWriting is very important tools that we can use in studies. In a university they require 101 and 102 take cores. People use different kind of way to write. Some people they are better without take writing classes and some people they have to take classes to become good. We all have some kind struggle somehow. Essay write is not easy because there is lots of rules. If we go fellow rules is not going to be hard at all. I am a not a better writer but when my college professor taught some ideas and rulesRead MoreReflective Report Of TIS1037 Words   |  5 Pages : Business Studies Module Name : Thematic independent studies : Reflection Report Module Teacher : GOPI NATH Student Name : Mokbul Hossain Student Id : 000762547 Introduction This report will elaborate regarding the essay of Thematic Independent Study’s productivity and process of work. Moreover, how the essay idea come about and clarifying as to what I have learned about this essay. Title of Essay: How to perform Commercial bankRead MoreEnglish And Social Studies Class977 Words   |  4 Pagesfor our â€Å"In-class essay test†, which our teacher announced would be given out randomly this week. The notion of writing essays for the class never made me worried, but the fact that this one would be written in-class and completely graded on grammar usage concerned me, along with my classmates. My teacher fixed his glasses and began setting the timer, after handing out the news story that we were tasked to write about. I took a deep breath and began writing, hoping for the best. A week after thatRead MoreEnglish And Social Studies Class999 Words   |  4 Pagesfor our â€Å"In-class essay test†, which our teacher announced would be given out randomly this week. The notion of writing essays for the class never made me worried, but the fact that this one would be written in-class and completely graded on grammar usage concerned me, along with my classmates. My teacher fi xed his glasses and began setting the timer, after handing out the news story that we were tasked to write about. I took a deep breath and began writing, hoping for the best. A week after thatRead MoreANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP1517 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP The objective of this essay is to analyze the relationship between strategic management and leadership in an organization, to discuss its link as well as the impact and how leadership styles are adapted specifically in HM (Hennes and Mauritz). 1.1.1 The link between Management and Leadership Strategic management and good leadership play an important role in meeting the organization’s objective. The management is linked to processesRead MoreFriendships1385 Words   |  6 PagesBigelow and La Gaipa (1975) observed children’s friendships by asking a number of children to write an essay about their best friend using the approach called â€Å"content analysis†. William Corsaro however dictates that in order to study children you must study them in the context of their own peer culture, he used the â€Å"ethnographic approach†. In this essay I shall attempt to compare and contrast the approach used by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and that taken by William Corsaro (2006). In the earlyRead MoreDeveloping Strong Academic Study Skills926 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping strong academic study skills in Higher Education is arguably the most important area of learning and development a student can cultivate, in order to achieve academic success. The skills that are acquired, the learning techniques that a student refines and life learning experiences are all going to develop into long-term career prospects and future career enhancement. Some of the key areas for development and discussion in this essay will include note taking/essay writing, critical thinkingRead MoreEssay Compare and Contrast704 Words   |  3 Pagesparent is infinite; raising your kids the way you think fit for your children to have the success they need in life to be happy. No one parent is like another, each parent does things in their own way. Telling another culture they are doing the wrong thing by raising their children the way they seem fit is wrong; they have that power. Mothers in general have the biggest influence on a kids’ life, because of the connection they share from birth and on. In the essay â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior†, Chua

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Biofuel

Question: Describe about the Report of Environmental Management for Sustainable Development on Biofuel. Answer: Introduction: Biofuel can be designated as the fuels, which are immediately derived from the living matter. It can be produced directly from flora, and indirectly from farming, commercial, household, and/or manufacturing wastes. In the context of increased cost of fossil fuels, the production of the biofuel seems to be the best probable solution today. The economic as well as the environmental concerns (emission of green house gases, global warming, air and water pollution and many others) are compelling the nations to establish legal mandates and governmental assistance to promote the use of biofuel. Here, in the brief span of this report the author has discussed the mandates regarding biofuel of two successful producer countries of the same. The countries are: France and Philippines. France: The geography: France or the French republic is a sovereign state of Western Europe. The total area of the country can be estimated as 643,801 sq km; 551,500 sq km (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The natural resources of the the metropolitan France are mainly coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish. Gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay can also be found in the French Guiana (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). However, the country is facing a few grave environmental issues like, forest damage due to acid rain, massive air pollution due to industrial as well as vehicle emissions. On the other hand, France is also facing the threat of water pollution from urban and agricultural waste. Demography: The total population of the country was 66,736,000 in 2015 (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The majority of the population (38.31%) comes under the age group of 25 to 54. Various ethnic groups and the oversees people are residing in the country and they are from diversified religious background (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). Figure 1: Map of France Source: (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016) Economy: The economy of France is diversified. It is a capitalist country. However, the social and economic equity is being maintained with the help of people oriented laws, social spending and tax policies. The total GDP of the country was $2.647 trillion in 2015 (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The HDI of the country is very high, which is 0.888. However, the countrys unemployment rate is increasing and the GDP growth rate is not very satisfactory (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The biofuel industry and mandates of France: France can be identified as the second largest consumer of the biofuels among the EU countries. As mentioned by the ministry of industry of France, the consumption has increased by 62.7% in the recent years. In the market of biofuel, biodiesel holds the largest share. The indisputable biodiesel trader within Europe is the French corporationDiester Industrie. It is manufacturing almost 2 million tons of the fuel every year. In the market of bioethanol, Tros, the agro-industrial company of France is increasing its production capacity. In the legal boundary, it can be discerned that the EURenewable Energy DirectiveandFuel Quality Directive have bound the country. However, France has not implemented any legislation, which promotes the renewable energy. As a member of EU, the country has to abide by the regulations like, Directive 98/70/EC, Directive 2003/17/EC, Directive 2003/30/EC and others, of the European Directives and Regulations on biofuels. (Doumax et al., 2014). On the other hand, as a member of CEN (European Committee for Standardization), France has replaced its own domestic legal standards by the standards mentioned by CEN without any modification. Figure 2: The EU biofuel mandates (Source: Kelly, 2012) However, France is following a number of legal and economic incentives to encourage the production and marketing of biofuel. The French government has launched Plan climat in 2004 to meet the specifications of Kyoto protocol. As mentioned by Chakravorty Hubert, (2013), the climate plan stated that France would meet the goal of 5.75% biofuel usage in 2010. On the other hand, the country had a law, which provided internal tax exemption on a few petroleum products (TIPP). Later biodiesel got 100% and bio-ethanol got 80% TIPP exemption. Moreover, the implementation of the Plan vhicules propres in 2003, which was related to promoting sustainable transportation, has influenced the production and marketing of biofuel in the country (Charles et al., 2013). The country is also following the strategy of tax reduction for encouraging the production of biofuel in the country. The economic challenges of biofuel to France: France is encouraging the domestic production of biofuel largely. However, there are a few economic challenges regarding the use of biofuel, which the country is facing today. Such economic challenges are as following: High production cost: As opined by Smeets et al., (2014), in spite of all the benefits related to the use of biofuels, it cannot be ignored that they involve a high production cost in the present market. As France is promoting the use and export of biofuel in the domestic as well as the international market, the product cost will be substantially high in future. Monoculture in farming: As discussed by according to Chakravorty et al., (2016) the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), France is using the set aside lands for the production of biofuel. However, the production of biofuel is likely to restrict the opportunity of agricultural expansion. As opined by Louhichi et al., (2012), monoculture can be referred as a process of cultivating the same plants for an extended period, rather than cultivating a variety of crops. It decreases the nutrients level and restricts production power of the land. Thus, it is creating an economic threat to the agricultural sector of France. The tax benefits: As discussed by Timilsina, (2014) the governmental tax benefits and financial incentives provided to the producers of biofuel are lowering the national earning. As mentioned by Martinet, (2013) it has reduced the national income of the country. Thus, the promotion of bio fuel production is creating a financial challenge to France. The economic opportunities of using biofuel for France: The advancement is the automotive sector: The recent advancement in the domestic as well as international automotive sector is creating an economic opportunity to the country. On the other hand, the country is providing financial and tax benefits for the usage of biofuel. The Plan vhicules propres was aimed to promote sustainable transportation (Azad et al., 2015). Hence, this encouragement of the biofuel use will provide an economic growth to the industry as well as the country. Bright future of the biofuel industry: As discussed by Timilsina Shrestha, (2014), the recent trend of environmental consciousness over the world is encouraging the usage of the eco friendly substances in every sector of life. On the other hand, the growing usage of the biofuel and its non-polluting nature can be helpful for the countrys economic growth in the long-run. Economic outcome: Reduced dependence on the foreign oil: As opined by Cochran, (2015), not every country is rich in the storage of petroleum. However, the locally grown plans and the production of domestic biofuel have reduced the countrys dependence onpetroleum. As mentioned by Farine et al., (2012) the cost of crude oil is continuously raising, in such a context, providing an alternate option to the energy market can provide the country a great potential for economic development. Economic security: As discussed by Banse et al., (2014) France do not have any source of fossil fuel. Hence, importing crude oil was creating a huge dent in the economy. Starting to shift towards biofuel is saving a huge amount of money. Thus, the advancement of the biofuel industry is strengthening the economy. Employment opportunity: As discussed by Doumax et al., (2014) France is facing an issue with falling employment rate. On the other hand, the unemployment rate is substantially increasing in France. In such a context, the growth of the biofuel industry is creating a great horizon for employment. On the other hand, the growth of this particular industry is providing the French economy a great level of economic sustainability, which is in turn creating opportunity for employment. Viability of the biofuel mandates: As mentioned by Cansino et al., (2012) with the encouragement in the production of biofuel through various mandates, the country has experienced increased level of agricultural income in certain sector. On the other hand, the mandates have helped the country to reduce its dependence on the foreign energy sources. However, the mandates regarding biofuel are providing a huge range of tax benefits to the produces. It is in turn, hurting the national income of the country. Moreover, most of the producers are the capitalists. Hence, by providing support to them is being oppressive to the non-privileged group of the country. Moreover, the production of the biofuel has also led the country to experience increased food price. The EU mandates are helping the country to achieve its goal of environment preservation. The countries like France, which are industrially advanced, must concentrate on the land usage of biofuel production. It is important to control the food price. However, as discussed by Timilsina, (2014), the country is the second largest consumer of biofuel among the EU countries. Hence, the biofuel mandates are being helpful for the country to be independent regarding the energy sources. These above discussed mandates have helped some of the French companies to earn a substantial portion of foreign dollars. Hence, it can be concluded that the biofuel mandates are being economically sustainable to the country. Philippines: Geography: Philippines or the Republic of the Philippines is a island country in south east Asia. It comprises 7641 islands. The total area of the country is 300,000 sq km and the water body is stretched around 1,830 sq km. The natural resources of the country can be identified as timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper. It has 25.9% forest in its total landscape (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The country is facing some environmental issues like, unrestrained deforestation mainly in watershed locations; soil erosion; air and water contamination in chief town centers; coral reef depletion; mounting pollution in the coastal mangrove swamps which are vital fish reproduction cites (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). Figure 3: Map of Philippines (Source: The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016) Economy: The country is now experiencing total $793.193 billion GDP as well as $2,978 per capita income. In addition, the country has a medium HDI level, which is 0.668 (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The country is suffering from the issue of huge import of the fossil fuel; however, the dependence has reduced in the few previous years. As opined by Wahid et al., (2015) the country is a developing economy and the unemployment rates is decreasing. Demography: The population of the country has been estimated as almost 100,998,376 in 2015. The majority of the population (36.72%) belongs to the age group of 25 to 54 years. The ethnic groups of the country are Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano and many more. The official language of the country is Filipino and English (The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The biofuel industry of Philippines: The government of the country is typically helping the investors to play in the market of biofuel. It has provided a substantial growth to the market. The country is now producing 14,500 barrels per day of biofuel. The main players of the countrys biofuel market are Metrohm AG, Pyry Energy, GreenGold Ray Energies, Inc. (GRYE) and many others. The mandates regarding biofuel: As mentioned by Katz, (2012), the country has launched Biofuels Act of 2006, which is aimed to develop and exploit renewable power, to diminish lethal and greenhouse gas effects, to reduce the Philippines dependence on the imported energy sources or fuels and to augment the opportunity of rural employment and profits. As mentioned by Georges, J. (2012), this law mandated the integration of 1% biodiesel in diesel and 5% bioethanol in gasoline within 2009. The country also has the Renewable Energy Act of 2008. This particular act is providing a number of encouraging incentives to the use and production and biofuel. These are: duty free incorporation of related machinery for 10 years, income tax exemption for seven years for commercial operation, cash incentives to the developers, 10% corporate tax, tax exemptions for carbon credits, and many more (Morales, 2013). On the other hand, as mentioned by Acosta et al., (2013), in 2009, the Department of Energy announced 12 products for Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) for biodiesel with a total production capacity of 395,620,165 liters and the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) has accredited two producers of bioethanol (from sugarcane) with a total production capacity of 39 million liters per year. Thus, the country is encouraging the usage and production of biofuel (Kelly, 2012). The economic challenges The food-fuel conflict: The country is a developing economy. Agriculture can be identified as the major source of domestic income. In such a context, encouragement to the production of biofuel may debar the agricultural production and the related income of the country (Ackrill 2014). This threat of loss of agricultural income can be identified as an economic challenge of the usage of biofuel (Morales, 2013). Moreover, the use of cultivable land for the production of biofuel may cause a threat to the production of food crops in Philippines. Capital-intensive program: Production of biofuel is a capital-intensive program. The government is encouraging the production of biofuel even in the cost of reduced national income. Philippines is a developing country. Such tax benefits is creating huge liability to the government (Acosta et al., 2014). With increased production of biofuel the country will face this particular economic challenge. The cost of biofuel: As mentioned by Menguita-Feranil, (2013) biofuel is more expensive than the fossil fuels in the current market. According to Urbanchuk, (2012) biodiesel is about $0.27 per liter more expensive than the diesel equivalent. It is posing a threat to the market of biofuel in Philippines. The economic opportunities: The governmental support: As discussed in the Biofuel Act, 2006, the government is providing a substantial support to the production and usage of the biofuel. It has encouraged the market growth of the fuel. As the Act has specified the blend percentages, the fuel production houses are trying to follow it. This has created the demand of the biofuel in the domestic market. The huge demand in the local market: As discussed earlier, because of the Governmental encouragement, the demand of biofuel has been created. As mentioned by Shi Goto, (2013) the market of Philippines can be characterized by a substantial demand-supply gap. The local market is facing a lack of supply of biofuel. Hence, if the companies, which are playing in this market, can address this supply gap they can earn a huge rate of profit. Figure 4: Fuel consumption in Philippines Source: Morales, (2013) Export of surplus production: As stated by Acosta et al., (2014) the country is experiencing surplus production of biofuel mainly biodiesel. With the increased demand of the biofuel in the international market, a sheer opportunity of exporting biodiesel has been emerged to Philippines. The country can expert biofuel and earn foreign dollar. By exporting biofuel to the American countries, Philippines can experience a substantial leverage in its export sector. The outcomes of the biofuel mandates: The likely economic outcomes of the biofuel mandates can be as followed: Poverty reduction and rural development: As opined by Yamaguchi et al., (2013) poverty reduction can be identified as one of the crucial objectives of promoting sustainable development. The increased usage and production of biofuel can help in increasing the income opportunity, as it requires intensive labor force for the production of the crops. On the other hand, as discussed by Wahid et al., (2015) the increased production of biofuel will utilize the previously unused lands; it will increase the income opportunity of the landholders. Moreover, by creating likelihood of opening the fuel refining infrastructure the government can ensure increased income opportunity in the rural sectors. Thus, the mandates regarding biofuel will be helpful for the rural economy of the country. Reduced import: Import of fossil fuels is has made the country typically dependent on the foreign lands for energy sources. As mentioned by Katz, (2012), the demand for foreign fossil fuel and related products has reached the approximate level of 106.5 million barrels of fuel oil in 2004. It provides a clear picture of the countrys dependence. As stated by Morales, (2013) in terms of foreign exchange, the importations volume has reached an equivalent to roughly US$ 3.8 billion of currency outflow. To respond to this scenario, the government passed the Republic Act No. 9367 in 2007. It has reduced the dependence of the country to a great range. Increased opportunity of employment: As discussed by Acosta et al., (2014) with the increased investment in the biofuel industry, will ensure employment opportunity both in the rural as well as urban sector. As discussed previously, the country is facing a high unemployment rate. However, it is gradually decreasing with the advancement in the biofuel market. The viability of biofuel mandate: As opined by Banse et al., (2014) a decrease in the import level was expected while laying the biofuel mandates in the country. Now, it can be declared that the country has achieved this goal of lowering the outflow of domestic currency regarding energy sources. Moreover, with the biofuel mandates the country has achieved a growth in the rural economy. Philippines can be identified as one of the developing economies of the world. Now, the advancement in the rural economy is crucially important for such countries. On the other hand, the increased production of biofuel has provided the country a substantial future opportunity of income through export of biofuel. With the increased usage of biofuel in the international scenario, the country has opened a door to the future income. Moreover, as the country has a substantial part of coastal land, the mandates are being helpful in producing a better quantity and quality of biofuel. Hence, it can be concluded that the biofuel mandates are be ing sustainable for Philippines. Compare and contrast between France and Philippines: Both the countries are following well-structured mandates and legal regulations regarding the use, production and blend of biofuel. However, Philippines are following mostly its own regulations whereas France is mainly following the EU declarations. Both the countries are reaping the profit of biofuel production and usage. As described by Banse et al., (2014) the use of biofuel is providing them energy independence and security. However, as opined by Wahid et al., (2015) being a developing nation, Philippines is gaining more than that of France. The biofuel mandates are helping it to uplift its rural population whereas; France has to look for utilizing the unused lands in the country. Both the countries are earning foreign money through biofuel export. However, Philippines is experiencing a surplus of production of biofuel and thus exporting the excess. On the other hand, France is still struggling to mitigate the domestic demand of the biofuel. As described by Kumar et al., (2013) Philippines is correctly utilizing its status of a developing nation by promoting the production of biofuel. The tax benefit to the producers is cutting down the national income of France. However, this particular strategy is helping Philippines to encourage the industrial sector. Australian market: Now, if a review on the biofuel market of Australia can be done, it can be noticed that in 2014, the average annual production of the country was almost 800 million ton liter (Cochran, (2013). The biofuel market of Australia is continuously increasing. As opined by Puri et al., (2012) usage of biofuel will be economically viable for Australia. Figure 5: Gasoline sales report of Australia in 2015 (Source: Cochran, 2013) The mandates: The Biofuel excise policy talks abot providing excise benefits to the production of biofuels. As mentioned by Rajcaniova et al., (2015) in 2011, the government has provided effective excise free statusfor the next 10 years to some renewable fuels like (ethanol, biodiesel and renewable diesel). On the other hand, the government is also providing fuel tax benefits to some companies, which are using biofuel for their industrial operation. Such tax benefits can also be claimed in the usage of biofuel in the heavy vehicles. Various state governments have also provided some encouraging regulations. However, the governmental regulation imposes 10% cap on the concentration of fuel ethanol blends. Recently, the government is providing excise exemption to the domestically produced ethanol until 30th July, 2021 (Shi Goto, 2013). The government is also providing capital grants to the produces. The drives: The drives, which motivated the Australian Government to opt for laying down the biofuel mandates, can be identified as followed: The increased demand for energy: As opined by Cochran, (2013), with the development of the economy as well as the industrial activities, the demand of energy sources is continuously increasing. Moreover, the countries like Australia are continuously facing the issue of energy demand regarding the transport activities (road, air and water). Hence, the government of Australia though about encouraging the usage and production of biofuel by introducing a few mandates regarding this. Reduction of green house gases: As opined by Timilsina, (2014), the civilized and economically advanced countries need to focus on reducing the level of green house gases in the world. Australia has already signed the pact titled East Asian Energy Security Pact. Through this pact the national authorities has decided to uphold the expansion of biofuel to lessen the dependence on the fossil fuel and encourage cleaner sources of energy within the country as well as the international energy market. The increased anxiety regarding the green house gases and the threat of global warming has driven the country to promote biofuel. Increased cost of fossil fuel: The whole world is facing this particular issue. As the fossil fuels are the only sources of energy in the current circumstances, the cost of it is continuously increasing (Acosta et al., 2014). Moreover, the countries those do not have any source of fossil fuels are being dependent on the foreign imports. Hence, the national authority of Australia has concentrated on the production of biofuel by considering it a potential source of future energy requirements. The recommendations: Reviewing the cases of the two above discussed countries, the followings can be recommended: The nation needs to lay down mandates regarding the import of the fossil fuels. By promoting the domestic production of biofuel, Philippines and France have gained fuel security. Australia needs to focus on reducing its import of the fossil fuel by mandates and thus create demand of the domestically produced biofuel. Mandates should be made on establishing the oil production houses in the rural sector. It will encourage the rural economy of Australia. As followed by France, Australia can use its used lands for production of biofuel. The government needs to specify the blending targets to the transportation industry. It will increase the usage of biofuel in the domestic market. The country can use the strategy of promoting the infant industries like Philippines. It will encourage the production of biofuel within the country. Conclusion: From this above discussion, it can be concluded that the countries like France and Philippines has gained substantial economic as well as environmental growth by promoting biofuel. Environment is growing concern today. Hence, to reduce the threat of ecological degradation the nations needs to be more conscious regarding the production of biofuel. Legal mandates can be helpful in this regard. Countries need to focus on promoting the use and production of this green fuel. References: Ackrill, R., Kay, A. (2014). Biofuels Policy Challenges. InThe Growth of Biofuels in the 21st Century(pp. 180-217). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Acosta, L. A., Enano, N. H., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Engay, K. G., Herrera, M. N. Q., Nicopior, O. B. S., ... Lucht, W. (2013). How sustainable is bioenergy production in the Philippines? A conjoint analysis of knowledge and opinions of people with different typologies.Applied energy,102, 241-253. Acosta, L. A., Eugenio, E. A., Enano, N. H., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Vega, B. A., Macandog, P. B. M., ... Lucht, W. (2014). Sustainability trade-offs in bioenergy development in the Philippines: An application of conjoint analysis.Biomass and Bioenergy,64, 20-41. Azad, A. K., Rasul, M. G., Khan, M. M. K., Sharma, S. C., Hazrat, M. A. (2015). Prospect of biofuels as an alternative transport fuel in Australia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,43, 331-351. Banse, M., Junker, F., Prins, A. G., Stehfest, E., Tabeau, A., Woltjer, G., van Meijl, H. (2014). Global impact of multinational biofuel mandates on land use, feedstock prices, international trade and land-use greenhouse gas emissions.Landbauforschung Vlkenrode,64(2), 59-72. Cansino, J. M., del P Pablo-Romero, M., Romn, R., Yiguez, R. (2012). Promotion of biofuel consumption in the transport sector: An EU-27 perspective.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(8), 6013-6021. Chakravorty, U., Hubert, M. H. (2013). Global Impacts of the Biofuel mandate under a Carbon Tax.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,95(2), 282-288. Chakravorty, U., Hubert, M. H., Moreaux, M., Nstbakken, L. (2016). The long run impact of biofuels on food prices.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Charles, C., Keller, M., Moerenhout, T. (2013).BiofuelsAt What Cost? A review of costs and benefits of Frances biofuel policies. Research Report. Cochran, M. (2013). Transport fuel security: Should Australians be concerned?.Energy News,31(2), 30. Cochran, M. (2015). Conventional and alternative transport fuels in Australia.Energy News,33(4), 4. Doumax, V., Philip, J. M., Sarasa, C. (2014). Biofuels, tax policies and oil prices in France: Insights from a dynamic CGE model.Energy Policy,66, 603-614. Farine, D. R., O'Connell, D. A., John Raison, R., May, B. M., O'Connor, M. H., Crawford, D. F., Dunlop, M. I. (2012). An assessment of biomass for bioelectricity and biofuel, and for greenhouse gas emission reduction in Australia.GCB Bioenergy,4(2), 148-175. Georges, J. (2012). Energizing Livelihoods: The Impact of the Biofuel Act in the Philippines. InAgricultural and Applied Economics Associations 2012 AAEA Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/124952/2/Georges2. pdf. Katz, L. C. (2012). Promoting renewable energies in the Philippines: Policies and challenges.Renewable Energy L. Pol'y Rev., 140. Kelly, R. (2012). The Hunger Grains: The fight is on. Time to scrap EU biofuel mandates. Kumar, S., Shrestha, P., Salam, P. A. (2013). A review of biofuel policies in the major biofuel producing countries of ASEAN: Production, targets, policy drivers and impacts.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,26, 822-836. Louhichi, Kamel, Hugo Valin. "Impact of EU biofuel policies on the French arable sector: A micro-level analysis using global market and farm-based supply models."Revue dtudes en Agriculture et Environnement93, no. 03 (2012): 233-272. Martinet, V. (2013). Effect of soil heterogeneity on the welfare economics of biofuel policies.Land use policy,32, 218-229. Menguita-Feranil, M. L. (2013). Contradictions of palm oil promotion in the Philippines.The Palm Oil Controversy in Southeast Asia: A Transnational Perspective, 97-119. Morales, L. T. (2013). Philippines Country Report.Chapters, 195-208. Puri, M., Abraham, R. E., Barrow, C. J. (2012). Biofuel production: prospects, challenges and feedstock in Australia.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,16(8), 6022-6031. Rajcaniova, M., Ciaian, P., Drabik, D. (2015). International Policies on Bioenergy and Biofuels. InIndustrial Crops(pp. 381-406). Springer New York. Shi, X., Goto, S. (2013). Harmonizing biodiesel fuel standards in East Asia: Motivations, progress and challenges.Applied energy,105, 217-222. Smeets, E., Tabeau, A., van Berkum, S., Moorad, J., van Meijl, H., Woltjer, G. (2014). The impact of the rebound effect of the use of first generation biofuels in the EU on greenhouse gas emissions: A critical review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,38, 393-403. The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency. 2016.Cia.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html Timilsina, G. R. (2014). Biofuels in the long-run global energy supply mix for transportation.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,372(2006), 20120323. Timilsina, G. R. (2014). Economic Impacts of Biofuels. InThe Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty(pp. 65-77). Springer New York. Timilsina, G. R., Shrestha, A. (2014). An overview of global markets and policies. InThe Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty(pp. 1-14). Springer New York. Urbanchuk, J. M. (2012). Contribution of biofuels to the global economy.Prepared for the Global Renewable Fuels Association. Available online: https://à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ www.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ globalrfa.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ com/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ pdf/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Global_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Economic_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Impact_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ of_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Biofuels_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ FINAL.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ pdf. Wahid, M. B., Choo, Y. M., Puah, C. W. (2015). Biodiesel in Asia.The Biodiesel Handbook, 355. Yamaguchi, K., Matsumoto, M., Kusdiana, D., Ikeda, T., Hoshi, H., Kan, S., ... De Guzman, R. B. (2013). Study on Asia Potential of Biofuel Market.Books.

Accounting and Financial Reporting of Wesfarmers and Woolworths

Question: Discuss about the Financial Reporting of Wesfarmers and Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers Established in 1914 as Western Australian Farmers cooperative, they have reached to find its place among the biggest listed companies in Australia. Their diverse business include the departmental stores, supermarkets, fertilisers and energy, safety products, home improvements and office supplies. The main objectives of the company are to provide the satisfactory return to their shareholders. They aim to attain this objective through: Fulfilling the requirements of the customers by providing services and goods on professional and competitive basis. Delivering safe working environment for the employees with good rewards for performance and opportunity for further improvements. Giving importance to the protection of environment in which they operate Operating with integrity and honesty while dealing outside as well as inside the company. Their organizational structure reveals that they have 94 executives and 9 subsidiaries named as Bunnings, Coles Group, Target Australia, Wesfarmer chemicals (Kleenheat and CSBP), officeworks, Wesfarmers resources and Wesfarmers Industrial and Safety. During 2016, they have achieved the following things: They reduced the frequency rate of total recordable injury by 15.2% They worked to promote the diversity in the workplace and over 3300 employees were recognized as indigenous They improved the transparency under the audit program for over 3200 factories under the supply chain They were able to reduce the green house gas emissions by over 2% during the last year (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Woolworths On 22nd February 1878, 1st store of Woolworth was established by Frank Winfield as Woolworths great five cent store. They are one of the biggest supermarkets among Australia and accounts for 80% of the market share of Australia. Among the various products they deal with, the drink business includes BWS and Dan Murphys main objective is to deliver the convenience and best value to their customers. They are better known for selling the grocery items. However, they also deal with sales of DVDs, magazines, stationary items and currently having more than 1000 stores in Australia itself. Their main aim is to become the most preferable brand for the customers and to achieve that they have the below mentioned strategies: Building a tem and store-led culture for the customers Creating the sustainable momentum for sales of foods Becoming the lean retailer by system excellence and end-to-end procedure Empowering the portfolio business to increase the shareholders worth Develop their drink business to deliver convenience and value to the customers. Their organizational structure reveals that they have 77 executives and 5 subsidiaries named as Big W, Progressive enterprise, EziBuy, Dan Murphys and Endeavour Drinks. Among others, few notable achievements by Woolworth are as follows: They were the 1st to establish the system of best before and sell by through providing their customers with the indication of the probable time at which the good swill be reached to them They were the 1st to achieve the organic growth of the commercial crop cotton. They were the 1st to remove as much preservatives and additives as possible from the foods they deal with (Woolworths Online 2017). Identification and evaluation of financing sources Capital Structure: Wesfarmers Liabilities Amount Amount Current liabilities Trade and other payables $ 6,491.00 Interest bearing loans and borrowings $ 1,632.00 Income tax payable $ 29.00 Provisions $ 1,861.00 Derivatives $ 160.00 Other $ 251.00 Total current liabilities $ 10,424.00 Non-current liabilities Interest bearing loans and borrowings $ 5,871.00 Provisions $ 1,554.00 Derivatives $ 81.00 Other $ 104.00 Total non-current liabilities $ 7,610.00 Total liabilities $ 18,034.00 Equities Amount Amount Issued capital $21,937.00 Reserved shares $ -28.00 Retained earnings $ 874.00 Reserves $ 166.00 Total equities $ 22,949.00 Capital structure Amount of total capital $ 40,983.00 Amount of debt $ 18,034.00 Amount if equity $ 22,949.00 Debt portion (%) 44% Equity portion 56% From the above table it can be identified that the amount of capital for Wesfarmers worth $ 40,983 million. Out of the total capital, $ 18,034 that is 44% has been raised through debt and $22,949 that is 56% has been raised through equity. Further, the leverage ratio of the company that is, (Total debt/total assets) = ($22,949 / $40,983) = 44%. It states that for every dollar of the asset of the company, it has to raise $0.44 of debt (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Analysis of debt The debt of the company is generally raised in name of Wesfarmers and is associated with corporate guarantee. If the debt is directly raised by the joint venture or subsidiary then that will have a separate arrangement for security. The facilities associated with the bank debt funds are subjected to the threshold limit of interest coverage ratio and minimum leverage. Normally the secured debt cannot be more than a specific % of total assets. However, the set % can exceed in some specific cases like acquisition (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Analysis of equity The ordinary shares of Wesfarmers are fully paid and do not have any par value. Each share carries one voting vote and is entitled to receive dividends. The shares do not carry any conditions or special terms that can affect the capital entitlements or the income of the company and are simply classified under equity. The reserved shares are the ordinary shares that were repurchased by the company and are held for the purpose of future use. Woolworths Liabilities Amount Amount Current liabilities Trade and other payables $ 6,266.10 Borrowings $ 490.70 Current tax payable $ 39.50 Provisions $ 1,873.50 Liabilities associated with assets held for sale $ 202.60 Other financial liabilities $ 120.30 Total current liabilities $ 8,992.70 Non-current liabilities Borrowings $ 3,870.90 Provisions $ 1,382.40 Other $ 294.50 Other financial liabilities $ 179.80 Total non-current liabilities $ 5,727.60 Total liabilities $ 14,720.30 Equities Amount Amount Issued capital $ 5,347.00 Reserved shares $ -94.80 Retained earnings $ 3,124.50 Reserves $ 93.90 Total equities $ 8,470.60 Capital structure Amount of total capital $ 23,190.90 Amount of debt $ 14,720.30 Amount if equity $ 8,470.60 Debt portion (%) 63% Equity portion 37% From the above table it can be identified that the amount of capital for Woolworth worth $ 23,190 million. Out of the total capital, $ 14,720 that is 63% has been raised through debt and $8,470 that is 37% has been raised through equity. Further, the leverage ratio of the company that is, (Total debt/total assets) = ($14,720 / $23,502.20) = 63%. It states that for every dollar of the asset of the company, it has to raise $0.63 of debt (Woolworths Online 2017). Analysis of debt The financial arrangements are made through the bank loan and the company is able to draw the loan at any time with the associated lending agreements. Further, the bank overdraft facilities can be drawn at any time. The borrowings of the company are initially recognised at the fair value less attributable transactional costs. Consequently, the borrowings are recognised and recorded at amortised cost. The difference between redemption value and cost are recognised under the consolidated statement for profit and loss during the period of borrowing. Analysis of equity Holders of the ordinary shares are enable to get receive the dividends and are entitled to one vote for each share at the meeting of the shareholders. In the occasion of winding-up the ordinary shareholders will stand only after fulfilment of dues of the creditors and all other shareholders and are entitled for the proceeds from the liquidation (Woolworths Online 2017). Ratio analysis Ratio analysis Ratio Formula Wesfarmers Woolworths Amount Result Amount Result Liquidity and efficiency Current ratio Current assets 9,684 0.93 7427.00 0.83 Current liabilities 10,424 8992.70 Accounts receivable turnover Net sales 65,981 27.89 58275.50 70.68 Average accounts receivable 2,366 824.55 Profitability Return on asset ratio Net Income 407 1.00 -1234.80 -5.25 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 Return on sales Net income 407 0.62 -1234.80 -2.12 Sales 65,981 58275.50 Solvency Debt ratio Total liabilities 17,834 0.44 14720.30 0.63 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 Equity ratio Total equity 22,949 0.56 8781.90 0.37 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 From the above table it is recognised that the current ratio of both the companies are less than 1, which indicates that both the firms are facing problems in paying-off their current dues. However, the current ratio of Wesfarmers is slightly better at 0.93 as compared to that of Woolworths 0.83 (Arkan et al. 2016). On the other hand, the account receivable turnover of Woolworth is far better than Wesfarmers as they are able to collect their receivables up to 71 times as compared to 27 times of Wesfarmers. However, as Woolworths was not able to generate any positive income during 2016, their return on asset as well as return on sales both are negative as compared to the 0.62% return on sales of Wesfarmers (Arrozio, Gonzales and da Silva 2016). Out of the total capital of Wesfarmers, 44% has been raised through debt and 56% has been raised through equity and for Woolworths, 63% has been raised through debt and 37% has been raised through equity. As Woolworths were not able to generate any positive earning, it can be said that the financial position of Wesfarmers is better as compared to that of Woolworth (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar 2013). Financial reporting framework The consolidated financial statements of both the companies are prepared on the basis of the Corporation Act 2001, international financial reporting standards, Australianaccounting standards and interpretations and are complied with the applicable laws. The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared based on the Australian dollars and are rounded-off to the nearest tenth of a million dollars (unless otherwise stated as per ASIC Class Order 98/100 (Luke 2016). The Financial Statements are prepared on historical cost method except for available for sale derivative financial assets that are measured at fair value and some other comprehensive income and liabilities are transacted at fair value, as explained in theaccounting policies. Theaccounting policies are consistently applied to the periods under consideration for the financial statements, unless otherwise stated. Both the companies prepare their financial statement on the same basis as they both are registered with the Australi an stock exchange and are in the similar business (Humphrey, ODwyer and Unerman 2014). Conclusion and recommendation From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the capital structure of the companies are different from each other as out of the total capital Wesfarmers raised 44% through debt while Woolworths raised 63% through debt. The ideal capital structure for an organization is one third equity and two third debt as the cost of debt is normally lower as compared to equity and moreover, debt does not have any right to the profits of the company. Therefore, Wesfarmers are suggested to finance their assets through more of debt rather than equities. Further, as the average receivable ratio of Wesfarmers is too low, they are suggested to improve their receivable ratio through proper measures. References Arkan, T., Barburski, J., Bolek, M., Gostkowska-Drzewicka, M., Homa, M., Mo?cibrodzka, M., Mizio?ek, T., Zaremba, A., Olbry?, J., Mursztyn, M. and Osiichuk, D., 2016. The Importance of Financial Ratios in Predicting Stock Price Trends: A Case Study in Emerging Markets.Finanse. Rynki Finansowe. Ubezpieczenia, (1 (79) Rynek kapita?owy i zarz?dzanie warto?ci?), pp.13-26. Arrozio, M.M., Gonzales, A. and da Silva, F.L., 2016. Changes in the financial ratios of the wholesale and retail sector companies arising from the newAccounting of the operating lease.revista eniac pesquisa,5(2), pp.139-159. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A., 2013. Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Humphrey, C., ODwyer, B. and Unerman, J., 2014. The rise of integrated reporting: understanding attempts to institutionalize a new reporting framework.Centre for Social Environmental Accounting Research (CSEAR), St Andrews. Luke, B., 2016. Measuring and Reporting on Social Performance: From Numbers and Narratives to a Useful Reporting Framework for Social Enterprises.Social and Environmental Accountability Journal,36(2), pp.103-123. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Woolworths Online. (2017). Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 19 May 2017].