The Adventure In The Context Of Tourism Tourism Essay

The try In The Context Of touristry Tourism Essay threaten Tourism has known a rapid touristyity during these culture ult decades. This rise and sudden popularity was parti each(prenominal)y thanks to a increase in the commercialization of let outdoor(a) recreation (Buckley, 2000, 2004a Travel Industry Association, 2005) in (Buckley, 2007). backwards propel existed since a long cartridge clip it began with early colonist and has amplified increasingly since this period. The initiative calamity proceeders were early researchrs in quest of discovery, in the hunt for naked resources, lands and looking for unknown places. Columbus, Cook, Da Gama, Magellan and Raleigh argon among the swell known early explorers in quest of jeopardise (Swarbrooke et al, 2003 41). Mercenaries were overly characterized as early happenrs having as main interest property, risk quest period approximately others like Pilgrims were looking for spiritual knowledge (Swarbrooke et al, 2003 ). take a chance touristry is currently receiving a lot of precaution and is the fastest and raffish growing bea of the tourism industry. It is perceived as organism a niche segment and take in land, air and sea- base activities. disaster travel is becoming well-liked and individuals argon now endeavour to find equilibrium amid work and untenanted. seek travel has recently created a center of attention for the onetime(a) people most precisely the louse up boomers (Patterson and Pan, 2007). This smart age bracket natural between 1946 and 1964 atomic number 18 leadting engaged in unseasoned try activities. This tendency is principally referable to a change in modus vivendi, being financially secured than previous cohorts and having to a greater extent time now that their children commence left collection plate. Baby boomers be pushed and pulled by reversion motives to engage in Adventure tourism. One dejection feed the wish for new sees, pull out from the cursory routine, sister boomers in todays world no yearner desire to sit in a bus acquittance for sightseeing they pauperization to experience in the activity. Baby boomers bunghole be well-heeled bumprs in pursuit of easy-doing activities containing low take of risk like bird watching, cater ride or sound fortuityrs in quest of shivers, contest and adrenaline.Therefore, to erupt exploit the subject, query has been undertaken to explore and analyze what really motivate this genesis to engage in adventure tourism, identify the divergent motivational factors, the types of activities they are much apparent to participate in and their profile characteristics. Lot of look into has been done on Adventure Tourism (Vester, 1987 Hill, 1995 Sung, 1997, 2000, 2004 Ewert and Jamieson, 2003 Beedie and Hudson, 2003 Gyimothy and Mykletun, 2004 Kane and Tucker, 2004 Weir, 2004 Flucker, 2005 Williams and Soutar, 2005 Cater, 2006 page et al, 2006 Buckley, 2000, 2006, 2007 Patt erson and Pan, 2007 Schott, 2007 Dimmock, 2009 Reynolds, 2012). Moreover in that respect are more or less books of crabby relevance to adventure tourism. These include Miles and priest (1999) on adventure programming in outdoor recreation Swarbrooke et al, 2003 on Adventure Tourism The new frontier Buckley (2006) on the structure of adventure tourism products and Patterson (2006) on Growing older, tourism and blank behavior of older adults.1.1. Problem StatementSeveral studies have been written on adventure tourism, however no other studies apart from Patterson and Pan (2007) has been found on the motivation of nipper boomers in adventure tourism. Most of the existing studies center on on adventure tourism from a general foretell of place (Vester, 1987 Buckley, 2006 Whiriskey and McCarthy, 2006) or look at different perspective such as Mountaineering and Adventure Tourism (Beedie and Hudson, 2003 Pomfret, 2006). Though, there is relatively little seek neither on the motiva tion of people to engage in adventure nor on baby boomers. Ewert and Hollenhorst (1989) center on adventure travel and its wilderness. Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2004) check up on on the segmentation of adventure market by activities darn Dimmock (2009) explored on the comfort in adventure and Reynolds (2012) canvas on the motivation and modus vivendi of surfing as an adventure travel.Thus adventure tourism has been studied only through diverse perspectives and none apart from Patterson and Pan (2006) has focused on the motivation of Baby Boomers in Adventure. Subsequently to compensate this gap, this research will go deeper to rate those motivations that indulge baby boomers to participate in adventure tourism.1.2. Aim and ObjectivesAimThe main aim of this study is to rate what motivate baby boomers to engage in adventure tourism.ObjectivesAssess the socio-demographic characteristics of baby boomers.To evaluate the trip arrangement factors of baby boomersTo differentiate bet ween bad and soft adventure and identify in which type of adventure activities baby boomers are more engaged in.Examine the push and pull factors that modulate baby boomers in their choice.Outline of StudyThis study consists of five sections the introduction, the belles-lettres check into, methodology, results and discussion and conclusion and possible recommendations.Chapter 1 The study starts with a legal picture description on the field of research. This includes an introduction on the expansion of the tourism industry, the emergence of adventure tourism in todays world. It also includes the problem statement, aims and objectives of the research.Chapter 2 The literature review is divided into two parts which is chapter 2 and chapter 3. Chapter 2 is the first part of the literature review. This entails the theoretical background starting with brief rendering of different statuss viz. adventure Tourism, baby boomers, the types of adventure tourism.Chapter 3 The second part of the literature review lays great stress on the motivational theories this chapter goes deeper onto the different motives that influence individuals in their choice for adventure.Chapter 4 This comprises of the methodology, this explains how research was conducted, the questionnaire design, method used to collect the data, sampling techniques, the data depth psychology and limitations of the study.Chapter5 This includes the results and discussions of the resultsChapter 6 The last chapter reviews all of what have been discussed in the research and ends with some possible recommendationsChapter 22.0. IntroductionThis chapter consists of the literature review the literature review sets the theoretical framework of this study. Before coming to the definition of adventure tourism, the bourne adventure is first explained, entailing its message characteristics. This is followed by an explanation on the term adventure tourism and baby boomers, types of adventure tourism as well as a th e different types of activities involved in adventure tourism.2.1. AdventureAdventure is all approximately action (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The term Adventure does non have a single definition. Adventure could mean different things to different people. What is Adventure for one can be routine for a nonher (Weir, 2004). It varies from a vacation experience to a daily work life of an individual. In order to better understand the term adventure, it is crucial to pass on to its core characteristics this is demonstrated in the figure below.Figure 1 The core characteristics of AdventureSource Swarbrooke et al. (2003)These characteristics effectively go over the main points of adventure. Swarbrooke et al. (2003) incarnate that these characteristics are mutually dependent since one element can suffer the stimuli of a nonher. For instance, novelty may lead to new exploration and discovery, escape from daily life, a look for challenge, danger and risk and stimulate contrasting emotions.2. 3. Adventure in the context of TourismTourists in todays world are non the same as it was in previous historic period. In this day and age, tourists are desperately in pursuing momentous and unique experiences. They want progressive rather than passive participation, seek new sensation and change from their cut-and-dried life (Moeran, 198317). Adventure tourism is the new emergent and niche sector of the tourism industry. This sector count up 15% of all leisure travel and this rate is going to enlarge in the coming succeeding(a) (Hawkins, 1994 Loverseed, 1997 Fluker and Turner, 2000).Researchers has defined adventure tourism through diverse interpretation (Buckley, 2000 Bentley and rogue, 2001 Hudson, 2002 Swarbrooke et al. 2003 Page et al. 2005). Amodeo (2004 84) define adventure tourism as travel to places that request a certain degree of effort and commission to get and are about the experience and the journey rather than just a list of places visited or the level of luxu ry. On the contrary, Muller and Cleaver (2000, p.156) define adventure tourism as sensually b move, adrenalin-driven, somewhat risky, with moments of exhilaration punctuated by many opportunities to assess and reassess what has been done or accomplished. As compared to Amodeo (2004), Muller and Cleaver (2000) definition of the term is mostly inter-related to the two constructs of perceived risk and perceived per varietyance, where gamey physical ability and risk sensation is mended for it to be extreme and dynamic. Nevertheless, Weir (2004) palisade that Adventure do not necessarily contain high level of danger, since there exist adventure with no element of risk or hazard. In the tourism industry, this is normally termed as soft adventure. On the contrary of the definition provided by the researchers, Swarbrooke et al (2003) state that Adventure tourism is not defined according to specific activities that are undertaken, but more by the state of mind and approach of the particip ant. This means that it is the personal interpretation and perceptual experience of individuals towards Adventure that will more clearly define the term.Six study dimensions of adventure tourism have been developed by Sung, Morrison and OLeary (1997) and these are namely activity, experience, milieu, motivation, risk and performance. These components can be seen as major essentials for people to go for adventure travel. The activity and environment will consist of the physical place of the adventure travel, and this can be the natural environment. The experience will be the outcome to sort out at the end, this can be self-achievement. Moreover, the motivation is all about the interest of the individual and endeavors to engage in adventure while risk and performance is a look for challenge and competency to do the activity. Adventure tourism takes in a range of activities and this includes air, sea and land-based activities (Hall, 1992 Fennel, 1999 Page et al. 2003 Pomfret, 200 4 Gajda, 2008).This is illustrated in table 1.Table 1 Conventional and contemporary adventure tourism activitiesLand basedWater basedAir basedMixed (land/water/air)AbseilingBody boardingBallooningAdventure racingBackpackingCanoeingBungee parachutingCharity challengesBicycleCanyoningCliff jumpingConservation expeditionsCavingCruise expeditionsGlidingCultural experiencesClimbingKayakingHang-glidingGap your travelDog sleddingSailingMicro-lightingHedonistic experiencesHikingScuba divingParagliding weird enlightenmentHuntingSnorkelingParachutingWildlife watchingHorseback ridingSurfingSkydivingJungle exploringWater skiingMotorcycling hundred-clad water raftingMountain bikingWind surfingMountaineeringOrienteeringQuad bikingScrambling moveSnow boardingSnow mobilingSnow shoeingVia Ferrata*wild experiences*Backpacking, climbing, hiking, mountaineering, skiing, via ferrata and wilderness experiences are all mountaineering-related activitiesSources Hall 1992, Page et al. 2003, Pomfret 20042.4 . Types of Adventure TourismAdventure tourism is composed of diverse types of activities which can fit to the need of different adventure traveler (CBI, 2011). Types of Adventure tourism can be categorised in two section which is bad and soft Adventure. The categorization of the Adventure tourism aspects diverge between researchers (Hill, 1995 Cloke and Perkins, 1998 Sung, Morrison and OLeary, 2000 Ewert and Jamieson, 2003 Ryan and Trauer, 2004) in (Schott, 2007). For example, Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2000) categorized the types of activities into six groupings including soft nature, risk equipped, question marks, thorny challenge, rugged nature and winter snow (Beedie and Hudson, 2003). Several studieswere categorized in terms of activities and principally between hard and soft adventure and the researchers study will follow this trend (Hill, 1995 Millington and Locke, 2001 Ewert and Jamieson, 200369 Miller, 20032 Adventure Travel Society, 2003 Patterson and Pan, 2007). Table 2 hold some examples of soft and hard adventure tourism.Table 2 Examples of soft and hard adventure tourism loose adventureHard adventureWilderness jeep safarisClimbing and mountaineeringSupervised and escorted trekkingLong distance back country trekkingCycling holidaysDownhill mountain bikingSailing holidaysParaglidingLearning to surf and to windsurfHeli-skiing holidaysCampingCanoeing and kayakingSource Sung et al. 20002.4.1. Soft AdventureSoft adventure can be defined as adventure activities that require low level of risk, low physical effort and obligation. These are activities unremarkably undertaken by no infirmity adventurers or people who want passive activities level, tended to(p) with experienced guides (Hill, 1995) in (Schott, 2007).On the other hand, Goodnow (2005) exposit Soft adventure journeys as travel to new and exotic locations with low force activities. nearly major examples of soft adventure activities are horse-riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, snorkeling, a nd animal watching, walking in natural areas, safari (Beedie and Hudson, 2003 Swarbrooke et al, 2003 Williams and Soutar, 2005 Patterson and Pan, 2006 CBI, 2011)Generally, novice adventures engaged in soft activities collect to the fact that they lack some experience, it can be misperceiving risk and their competence and perhaps choose soft activities because of a sensation of fear and hesitating and thus want to be on safe in a secured environment (Priest, 1999, p.160, cited in Miles and Priest Pomfret, 2004).2.4.2 Hard AdventureHill (1995) label hard adventure as activities requiring high level of risk, extreme commitment and superior and sometimes specialized skills. Hill also point out that hard adventures necessitate good skills in risky and dangerous situations. essay and competence are two major aspects involve in hard adventure activities. Those engage in hard adventure are generally in quest of challenge, adrenaline rush and risk(Peterson, 1989 Rubin, 1989 Mallett, 1992) in (Williams and Soutar, 2005). People have a desire to seek new sensations (Zuckerman, 1979), and are motivated by challenge and mastery (Ewert, 1985). These people are commonly known to be brave, skilled and having good physical intensity (Pomfret, 2004)Some examples of hard activities are mountain climbing, bungee jumping, canyoning, caving, ballooning, parasailing, surfing and so forth.2.5. Baby BoomersBaby boomers can be defined as a cohort of teenaged-old people who were born between 1946 and 1964. They are now aged between 48 and 66 years old in 2012, (Gillon, 2004) in (Patterson, 2006, p.15). The history of baby boomers date from the period of the Second World War. Baby Boomer develops its name due to a growth in birthrate during the years 1946 and 19641. During this century, soldiers came back home from war and wanted to start a new life, build up a family, which show this sudden rise in birthrate (Ohio story Central, 2005). Statistics recorded 79 million births during t his period1Another synonym for baby boomers can be comfortable Generation (Mackay, 1997, p.60) in (Hamilton, M and Hamilton, C., 2006). The term Lucky was used to describe them because they have big softheartednessed up in the first generation enjoying a reasonably prosperous and serene society. Additionally, Hamilton (2006) point out that during retirement baby boomers will definitely have more money to spend after long years of hardworking and savings from grant plans. Baby boomers enjoy a better health than in the prehistorical they are taking special care to their diet, though living longer and happier and more importantly being physically active by good-natured in various types of leisure activities (Cochran, 2005 Sperazza and Banerjee, 2011).Baby boomers are seeking new change and novelty they no longer want to rely on repeat leisure program like bingo party, voluntary actions or mere leisure interests. These activities are getting outdated and this is not going to be in the interest of the baby boomers in retirement. As a result, Experts will definitely have to look at new leisure products, or programs that will attractenthusiastic, energetic participants rather than passive participant (Cochran, Rothschadl and Rudick, 2009).2.6. Adventure Tourism and Baby BoomersAdventure Tourism has become very popular during these last past decades. Adventure Tourism is considered as an alternative form of tourism. In todays world, people no longer want to enjoy basal activities they want to surpass the mass activities, being deeply in the thrill and excitement of the adventures.The aging exhibit has also altered intensely during these past years. According to Xola Adventure (2006), old people aged between 41-to-60 years old represent the greatest participating age category in adventure travel at a rate of 42.2 percent. This has emerged and is going to develop more in the future. When talking and thinking about aging process our first impression was an inexora ble slide into illness, impotence and immobility (Kraus, 2001). Nowadays, this examine of the baby boomers is no more present. Patterson (2006) also shares his opinion on this change. She argues that this is a time of new experiences and feelings. Baby boomers need to feel they are unloosen to do what they want or what they have always dreamed of and which were not fulfilled years before (MacNeil and Teague, 1987 Leitner, 1996 McGuire et al., 2004).Adventure is not reserve for junior people, nowadays lots of people aged between 42 and 64 are being engaged in adventurous activities. Gone are those days where older people used to spend their leisure time in sedentary and socially based activities like watching movies, auditory modality to the radio (Lawton, 1993) in (Patterson, 2006 7). Research has demonstrate that we are moving through an era where things are changing, habits of older people from previous generation differs from that of the present generation. Baby boomers see t heir retirement as being the time to refresh, experience novelty and new sensation. They acquire a feeling of freedom and harmony, do what they want, things that was impossible for them to accomplish perhaps due to overload of work, looking and lovingness for their children (MacNeil and Teague, 1987 Leitner 1996 McGuire et al., 2004).Being more financially secure, in good health and physical condition, and also well-educated encourage baby boomers to engage in outdoor recreation activities. This enables them to feel at one with nature, physically fit and more importantly a way to feel they are still young.Lipscombe (1995) in his research find out that lots of older adults are at present requesting activities that engage physical defy, not purposely danger but travel that have at least journeys, intellectual challenge, and involving the exploration of new places and cultures (Gibson and Singleton, 2012). It is to be noted that baby boomers are not seeking for simpleton and easy-done activity they are looking for a certain degree of challenge and risk. They want to have fun, seek thrill, these can be a pattern motive because they were too focus on their career years before, striving hard to cater for the needs of the family. All this was such a astronomic responsibility that they now want to relax and enjoy, do something for themselves while children had grown up and get away in the routine they had imprisoned themselves for years.Chris Doyle, vice president of ATTA point out from an interview with Airoldi (2008) that the50-plus traveler is a major market for adventure sector especially because they are among those who travel more frequently since they have the financial ability to do so.Muller and OCass (2001) explore the different motive of older men and women in engaging in adventure activities. He note down that young at heart older men were more interested to take part in activities such as white-water rafting, glacier hiking, rock climbing, caving and h ot air-ballooning. On the contrary to the young at heart older men, the young at heart older women has a cullence for mountain hiking, rainwater treks, bird-watching and walking for inner journeys while being on travel holiday. It is then observed that men prefer hard adventure activity as compared to women who enjoyed generally soft ones. A Marketing to women report (2000) sustain such statement by sway that women aged between 55 and 75 are more likely to engage in soft activities like safaris, hikes and trips to striking locations. They further point out to favor being in a secure environment with professional adventure providers, and with company of others having similar ages.Adventure can be classified in certain words, Play, Freedom and Reality (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The authors basically described adventure as a game recreateed by participants in tourism being free to engage in any particular activities and experiencing the reality of it. Moreover Kane and Tucker interpre t the term play, as being a game for the adults, reliving their childhood and though enjoying this freedom to play like a child again. Hence, this fresh cohort of retirees is hungry to get off the beaten path (Symonds, 1998).2.7. SummaryFrom this chapter, the researcher has been able to gain a theoretical knowledge of the basic theories on adventure tourism and baby boomers. The different types of adventure tourism was examined, which is hard and soft adventure. The baby boomers generation was also defined, where proper information was gathered in regards to their lifestyle and their interaction in leisure and adventure tourism